Bovine Bone Waste-Extracted Hydroxyapatite for Bone Regeneration: A Critical Review of Conversion Strategies and Translational Potential

Abstract

The bone regenerative material, Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the most important and basic mineral component of teeth and bonesegment of bone. It has been well vertebrates’ due to its chemical and crystallographic structure resemblance to recognize that HAp nanoparticles can considerably increase the bioas of the inorganic ctivity and biocompatibility of biomaterials used for different therapeutical applications. Hence, HAp has been progressively in demand and many struggles have been made to generate many routes, including economically and scientifically new features. Many reviews articles have been published on the preparation of HAp by inorganic chemical routes. This study is the first and distinctive in presenting various methodologies of conversion of bovine bone wastes into the valuable bone regenerative material. HAp extraction from bovine bone waste is the main focus of this literature review. The purpose of this present review is to summarize and highlight all relevant literature about extraction of HAp from bovine bone, compare the physiochemical properties of each extraction method and advantages and disadvantages involved in each extraction method. By applying different extraction methodologies the properties of natural HAp can be diverse. Though, many procedures have been used to extract natural HAp for investigation, examination, and application, still slight devotion is necessary to explore the effect of various parameters on the crystallinity, size and shape of the HAp powder extracted from bovine bone waste.