Comparative Assessment of Air Pollutants and Associated Health Impacts in Urban and Rural Mardan

Abstract

This study conducts a comparative assessment of ambient air pollutants and associated health impacts across urban and rural areas of Mardan, Pakistan. Rapid urbanization, increased vehicular emissions, industrial expansion, and biomass burning have contributed to deteriorating air quality in the region. Using field-based measurements and the study examines concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, CO, and NO₂, along with health effects. Air sampling results reveal significantly higher pollutant concentrations in urban areas, with PM₂.₅ averaging 583.19 µg/m³ and PM₁₀ 742.73 µg/m³—far exceeding WHO and NEQS standards. Rural concentrations, although lower, also surpassed safe limits, largely due to biomass burning and brick kiln activities. CO and NO₂ levels were substantially higher in congested urban zones, reflecting direct links to traffic and combustion sources. One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between urban and rural pollutant levels. Reported health issues included respiratory irritation, coughing, eye redness, and reduced lung function, particularly among roadside vendors with prolonged exposure. The study concludes that urban Mardan faces more severe air quality challenges and emphasizes the need for enhanced monitoring, public awareness programs, green infrastructure, and policy interventions to reduce pollutant emissions and mitigate long-term health risks.