Biochemistry of Plant–Virus Interactions: RNA Silencing, Host Proteins, and Biotechnology-Based Resistance

Abstract

Plant–virus interactions involve complex biochemical processes that determine the outcome of infection, resistance, or susceptibility in host plants. This review highlights key molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions, with emphasis on RNA silencing pathways, host protein manipulation, and biotechnology-driven resistance strategies. RNA silencing serves as a primary antiviral defense in plants through siRNAs, miRNAs, and RDR-mediated amplification, while viruses counter this system using viral suppressors (VSRs) that disrupt Dicer activity, AGO function, or small RNA stability. Additionally, viruses exploit host proteins including heat-shock proteins, transcription factors, and post-translational modification machinery to enhance replication and evade immunity. Advances in biotechnology, particularly RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas genome editing, and synthetic biology, offer promising strategies for engineering durable, broad-spectrum virus resistance in crops. Omics technologies further facilitate the discovery of host susceptibility factors, stress-responsive genes, and metabolic shifts associated with viral infection. Together, these molecular insights support the development of innovative and sustainable approaches for plant virus management and improved global crop resilience.