Limitations on the Use of Artificial Intelligence and the Role of Law: A Comparative Governance Study

Abstract

This study conducted a comparative analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) regulatory frameworks in the European Union (EU), United States (U.S.), and China, focusing on how each region addresses the legal challenges posed by AI technologies. The research examined key regulations, such as the EU's Artificial Intelligence Act and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), U.S. sector-specific laws, and China's top-down approach to AI governance. The findings revealed significant differences in regulatory models: the EU prioritizes privacy, transparency, and accountability, while the U.S. follows a decentralized, sector-specific approach, and China emphasizes rapid technological development under state oversight. Despite these differences, common concerns regarding bias, privacy, and accountability emerged across all three regions. The study highlighted challenges in harmonizing AI regulations globally due to political, economic, and cultural differences. The research also emphasized the need for ethical oversight, international collaboration, and flexible legal frameworks to address the rapidly evolving nature of AI. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for creating a globally harmonized AI governance framework that fosters both innovation and ethical responsibility.