Integrating Genomic Tools with Conservation Biology: A Framework for Managing Genetic Erosion in Endangered Mammals of Pakistan

Abstract

This study examined the integration of genomic tools with conservation biology to address genetic erosion in endangered mammals of Pakistan. The research focused on key species including the snow leopard, Indus river dolphin, and markhor, which faced increasing threats from habitat fragmentation, inbreeding, and environmental change. A quantitative research design was applied, and a sample size of 180 genetic specimens was analyzed using advanced genomic techniques such as DNA sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The results indicated a moderate level of genetic diversity (mean = 3.21) alongside high inbreeding levels (mean = 4.05) and severe habitat fragmentation (mean = 4.18). Structural model findings showed that habitat fragmentation negatively affected genetic diversity (β = -0.42, p = 0.000), while inbreeding also exerted a significant negative effect (β = -0.39, p = 0.000). In contrast, genomic monitoring demonstrated a positive impact on genetic diversity (β = 0.36, p = 0.000), and conservation policy support also contributed positively (β = 0.31, p = 0.000). The study proposed an integrated framework combining genomic monitoring, habitat restoration, and policy interventions to enhance conservation effectiveness. The findings highlighted the importance of incorporating genomic data into conservation strategies to improve species resilience and reduce extinction risks. This research provided practical implications for policymakers, conservationists, and researchers aiming to preserve biodiversity and manage genetic erosion in endangered mammalian populations.