Glof Impact, Causes and Mitigation Strategies in Bilhanz and Badswat Villages in Ishkoman, District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan

Abstract

During the current study, the causes, impacts, and mitigation efforts related to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in Bilhanz and Badswat, Ishkoman Valley, were thoroughly examined between July to September 2024. These events led to significant landscape alterations, transforming once fertile agricultural and forest lands into debris covered areas, as evidenced by satellite and digital camera imagery. A large lake formed in Badswat, destroying extensive agricultural and forest land, which forced the relocation of many residents. Most displaced individuals received housing support from the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH), while the government provided limited assistance. The Saudi government also made notable contributions. Between 2018 and 2021, successive GLOF events damaged 186 hectares of agricultural land in both villages in addition to damages and losses to livestock and other life supporting systems. Climate change and deforestation were identified as the primary drivers of these disasters. A multivariate analysis revealed that gender, age, and education had significant impacts on awareness and perceptions of environmental degradation and climate change. Older respondents, particularly those aged 50-60, were the most influential in shaping future disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts. Although education had a smaller effect size, it still played a crucial role in raising environmental awareness. Mitigation strategies proposed include afforestation, carbon capture, renewable energy, and waste reduction. Many respondents emphasized the importance of community involvement and education in addressing environmental issues. However, opinions vary on the most effective methods for controlling soil pollution and improving overall environmental health.