Beneficial Fungi and Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents against Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Abstract

Plant diseases caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens pose significant threats to global agriculture, resulting in substantial yield losses and environmental concerns from chemical pesticide overuse. This review explores the role of beneficial bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces) and fungi (Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Beauveria) as biocontrol agents (BCAs) for sustainable disease management. Key mechanisms include antibiosis, competition for resources, enzyme secretion, mycoparasitism, and induction of systemic resistance in plants. The paper discusses applications in crop protection against pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and Phytophthora, highlighting advances in omics technologies and nanotechnology for enhancing BCA efficacy. Challenges such as field variability and limited commercialization are addressed, emphasizing the potential of BCAs in reducing chemical inputs and promoting eco-friendly farming practices. Future prospects focus on integrated approaches for resilient agricultural systems.