Population Dynamics and Breeding Ecology of Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) and Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus) in Tehsil Nara, District Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

This study examined the population dynamics and breeding ecology of game birds as a basis for developing effective conservation frameworks and sustainable management strategies. The research focused on seasonal variation, habitat preferences, and reproductive traits of two sympatric species Grey francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus) and Black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) in Tehsil Nara, District, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan Field investigations were carried out from February to October 2023 using line transects, point counts, nest searching techniques, and habitat assesments across agricultural fields, scrublands, grasslands, and riverine vegetation. A total of 178 Grey francolins and 143 Black francolins were recorded during the survey period. The population densities of Grey francolins were more commonly observed in cultivated areas and grassy habitats, whereas, Black francolins showed a stronger association with water proximate areas and dense vegetation.  Breading activity commenced in mid-march for the Grey francolins and in early april for Black francolins. The mean clutch size was found to be 7.2-1.1 and 6.4-1.3 in Grey and Black francolin respectively. Success rates were 68.3% and 61.5% respectively. Human activities such as habitat fragmentation, pesticides and uncontrolled hunting have been cited as the major threats. A comparison with previous research from Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa showed that there were some regional differences on the onset of breeding and in the size of the clutch, which could be due to climatic and ecological factors. Overall this study provides essential baseline information to support focused conservation initiatives aimed at sustaining francolin populations and maintaining ecological balance in the region.  It is suggested to have habitat restoration; community-level awareness campaign and have the incorporation of the francolin monitoring into provincial wildlife management plans.