Experimental Analysis of an IoT-Based Algal Biodiesel System Using Wastewater

Abstract

This study experimentally demonstrates a cost-effective and sustainable system for producing high-quality biodiesel from algae cultivated in wastewater. Algal biomass increased from 20 grams to 42 grams over 12 days under continuous white light, achieving a 110 percent growth rate and a net gain of 22 grams. Biodiesel yield improved with drying time, producing 40 milliliters after one day, 90 milliliters after two days, and 120 milliliters after three days from 40 grams of dried algae. Fuel characterization confirmed high energy content with calorific values of 46.63 megajoules per kilogram from Bomb Calorimeter tests at UET Mardan and 45.16 megajoules per kilogram from ASTM D4809 tests at NCPC Foundation, exceeding conventional diesel ranges of 42.0 to 44.5 megajoules per kilogram. An IoT-based monitoring system recorded a temperature of 26.6 degrees Celsius, CO₂ concentration of 404 parts per million, water level of 84 percent, and pH of 6.4, with automated alerts and historical logging to optimize growth and production. The integrated approach confirms algae-derived biodiesel as a high-energy, clean-burning, and scalable alternative to fossil fuels.