Development of Green Chemistry Routes for Synthesizing APIs Using Sustainable Catalysts and Solvents

Abstract

This study investigates the development and evaluation of green chemistry routes for the sustainable synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using eco-friendly catalysts and solvents. The research aimed to design a catalytic system integrating enzyme–metal hybrids with green solvents such as supercritical CO₂ to enhance yield, purity, and selectivity while minimizing environmental hazards. Experimental analyses confirmed that the combination of biocatalysis and metallic catalysis significantly improved atom economy and reduced reaction time and energy consumption compared to conventional synthesis pathways. The optimized system demonstrated remarkable catalytic efficiency and environmental compatibility, validating its potential for large-scale pharmaceutical applications. The results highlighted that adopting green solvents reduced toxicity, improved recyclability, and enhanced process sustainability without compromising product performance. This study underscores the critical role of green chemistry in aligning pharmaceutical manufacturing with global sustainability goals. It also provides a scalable framework for integrating renewable catalysts, non-toxic solvents, and energy-efficient processes into the design of next-generation drug synthesis. Ultimately, the findings emphasize the need for continuous innovation and cross-disciplinary collaboration to promote environmentally responsible industrial practices and achieve long-term ecological and economic benefits.