AI and Criminal Justice in Europe: Risk, Rights, and Regulation

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into European criminal justice systems has introduced both unprecedented opportunities and serious challenges. This paper critically examines the interplay between technological efficiency, human rights, and regulatory frameworks within this emerging domain. It explores how predictive policing, algorithmic risk assessment, and forensic AI applications can streamline legal processes while simultaneously threatening principles of fairness and equality enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Through analysis of automation bias, data-driven discrimination, and oversight deficiencies, the study highlights the pressing need for transparency and accountability. The EU Artificial Intelligence Act’s classification of criminal justice AI as “high-risk” underscores the importance of human oversight, ethical governance, and fairness-by-design. Ultimately, the paper argues for a balanced approach where innovation aligns with democratic values, ensuring that AI supports — rather than undermines — justice, human dignity, and public trust.