G.2092Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue3(2026),2092ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13ManagementofTi-6Al-4VandSS316LStressShieldingandStabilityofFemoralFractureFixationBonePlatesbyFiniteElementAnalysisinCOMSOLMetaphysicsReceived:21March2026.Accepted:22April2026.Published:22May2026KajalDevInstituteofBiomedicalEngineeringandTechnology,LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciences,Jamshoro,76090,Pakistankajal.dev26@gmail.comHajiraFatimaDepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Quaid-e-AwamUniversityofEngineering,Science&Technology,Nawabshah67480,Pakistanhajirafatima@quest.edu.pkKashafKhanzadaInstituteofBiomedicalEngineeringandTechnology,LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciences,Jamshoro,76090,Pakistankhanzadakashaf@gmail.comSehreenMooratInstituteofBiomedicalEngineeringandTechnology,LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciences,Jamshoro,76090,Pakistansehreen.moorat@lumhs.edu.pkNatashaMukhtiar(CorrespondingAuthor)LiaquatUniversityofMedicalandHealthSciences,Jamshoro,76090,PakistanInstituteofBiomedicalEngineeringandTechnology,natasha.mukhtiar@lumhs.edu.pkGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13Copyright©2026GRJNST.ThisarticleispublishedunderanOpenAccessmodel.ItismadeavailabletothepublicunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)license,whichpermitsunrestricteduseanddistributionG.2092Abstract:Page2Thehumanfemurisknownasthelongestboneinthehumanbody.Forcompression,itisknownasthemostrobustbone.Thefemurbearsthemajorityofbodyweightandfacilitatesseveralessentialfunctions,includingambulationandleapingfromaheight.Bonefracturestypicallyresultfromanexcessivestressthatexceedsthemaximumstrainthatahumanbonecanwithstand.Duetothelossofthebone'scapacityforself-healing,abonefracturewithafragmentlargerthan5mmneedsextrasupport,suchasaboneimplant,forrecovery.Therepairprocessisacceleratedwithaboneimplantthatholdsthepartsinplace,permitsrealignment,andlimitsexcessivemovement.Thecommerciallyavailableboneplatescomprisedofbiocompatiblemetallicmaterialsormetalalloysareusedinthecurrentfracturefixationtechnique.Toaidinthehealingprocess,theseboneplatesareoftenattachedtoonesideofthefracture.Prostheticbonebioimplantshavebeendesignedanddevelopedusingconventionalmetallicbiomaterialsliketitaniumalloy(Ti-6Al-4V)andstainlesssteel(SS316L).TwotypicalinternalfixationmaterialsarerelativelyevaluatedwithFiniteElementMethod(FEM)inCOMSOLMultiphysicsandtheycompriseTitaniumalloy(Ti-6Al-4V)andStainlessSteel(SS316L)inrealisticconditionsofloadsinthefracturesofthediaphysealsegmentofthefemur.ThefixationofthefractureshallbestableandtheissueofstressshieldingistheissueduetotheuseoftherelativelyinelasticmaterialthatisSS316L(Young)whicharetheonesthatbearthemajorityoftheloadandcausesboneresorptionAcomplex3Dmodelofthefemur-plate-screwsystemwithtransversefractureof1mmhasbeenmodeledwithanintentionofequalingthematerialwiththesamephysiologicalbiomechanicalboundaryloads.TheseresultsshowedthattheTi-6Al-4Vplatesystemwasinasuperiorstateconcerningthemechanicalperformanceofanoveralldisplacementof3.887599mm,comparedtothehugedisplacementofSS316L(25.1252).ItprovesthatTi-6Al-4Visbetterandprovidesgreaterstructuralstabilityandthusisevenmoresuitablematerialwhichcanbeusedasload-bearingorthopedicimplants,wherestructuralstabilityisofsignificantdeterminantofclinicalsuccess.Keywords:Femurfracture,Titaniumalloy,StainlessSteel,FiniteElementMethod1.INTRODUCTIONGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page3Thehumanfemur,asthelongestandmostrobustboneintheskeletalsystem,playsacriticalroleinsupportingbodyweight,facilitatinglocomotion,andmaintainingstructuralintegrityduringdynamicactivities.Thefemurhasalong,slenderandnearlycylindricalstructureofthebody.Thebottom(distal)partofthefemurisbiggercomparedtothetop.Itiscomposedoftwooblongeminencesreferredtoascondyles(Das&Sarangi,2014).Thefemurarticulateswiththesocketatoneendtocreatethehipjoint,whileattheoppositeend,itarticulateswiththetibiaandpatellatoformthekneejoint.Themostprevalentfracturethatorthopedistsdealwithisthefractureofthefemoralshaft(Gösling&Krettek,2019).Itsincidenceis0.01%(Weissetal.,2009).Itusuallyhappensduetohighenergytraumas,andislinkedtopolytrauma,openfractureandmultiplefracture(Lietal.,2016).Thepredominantcausesoffemurfracturesaremotorvehicleaccidents,sportsinjuries,fallsfromsignificantheights,andpre-existingboneconditionsarecommoncausesofitinyoungpatients,andinoldosteoporoticpatients(Gösling&Krettek,2019;Weissetal.,2009).Thatcompromiseboneintegrity,suchasPaget'sdiseaseandosteoporosis(Ahirwaretal.,2021).Despitethehumanfemur'sconsiderableresistancetofracture,itmaysustainabreakasaresultofhigh-velocitytraumatictraumas.Thebiomedicalimplantshaveboneplatesandothermaterialsthatareappliedtoimprovethephysiologicalstateofthevictimsofaroadaccidentandtheelderlytoenjoynormallives(Kurniawanetal.,2022)Thebonefracturenormallytakesplacewhenthecorrespondingstressisbeyondwhathumanbonetissuecantake.Oncethebonenolongerhasthenecessarycapacitytohealcorrectly,especiallywhenthefracturegaporfragmentsizeismorethan5mm,somemechanicalassistancelikeaboneimplantisnecessarytohelpthebonehealcorrectly(Kurniawanetal.,2022).Anumberoftreatmentapproachesarewidelyappliedwhenworkingwiththecaseofabrokenfemoralshaft,whichincludesskeletaltraction,plate-and-screwfixation,intramedullarynailing,andexternalfixation(Crist&Wolinsky,2009;Scannelletal.,2010;Zlowodzkietal.,2007).Whenintramedullaryfixationisunabletobeusedeffectively,platefixationisusuallysuggested(Apivatthakakuletal.2009;Köseoğluetal.,2011).Accordingtopreviousfindings,materialfatigueinthefixationdevicehasbeencitedasoneofthemajorcausesofinternalfixationfailure(Birringeretal.,2016).Otherstudieshavealsoexaminedthevariousplate-screwdesignsinordertoenhancestabilityandperformanceofthefixation.Boneimplantscanbeusedtoaidthehealingprocessastheyensurethatthefracturedpartsarestabilizedsothatthebonecanhealproperly,andtheyhelpinlimitingexcessivemovementduringthehealingprocess(Cronieretal.,2010;Shengetal.,2019;Wangetal.,2020).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page4Biomechanicsisascientificfieldthatappliestechnicalprinciplesofmechanicsofallforcesactingonthehumanbodyandtheimpactoftheforcesonthebonetostudythebiologicalsystem.Itisasciencethatinvolvestheapplicationofmechanicalprinciplestoanorganismtogaininsightbehaviorandmechanicalbehaviorofbiologicstructures(Ganeshetal.,2005).Biomechanicalsystemscanbemodelledandtestedbyusingthephysicsandengineeringrulestoinvestigatetheperformanceofbonesandothertissuesintermsofstructure.Thebiomechanicalfactors,whichdictatetherateofhealingefficacyofafracturedboneusingplatesandscrew,aresuppliedtothefracturedboneintheshapeof(a)thedegreeofbonecontactatthefractureinterfaceand(b)stabilityofferedtothefractureboneeitherlocallyatthefractureinterfaceordistallyawayatthefractureinterface(O’Rourkeetal.,2023).Analyzedhowtopreciselyforecastthelikelihoodandriskoffracture,inmetastaticfemursusingafiniteelementmodel.Thematerialmodels,loadingconditionsandcriticalthresholdshowevervaryinthesemodels(Balasubramanietal.,2023).Theorthopedicsurgeonsarestrugglingtotreatbonefracturesthatoccurasaresultofaccidents.Inordertosolvethisproblem,externalstabilizationoffracturedbonesisdonebytheuseofscrewsandlockingcompressionplates.Wemodeledtheboneofthefemur,lockingcompressionplate,andscrewsinthisstudy.Weproceededtoanalyzetheavailablematerialstojoinplateswithothermaterials(NaiduManuboluetal.2022).Bonesarethestructuralsupportofthebodythatsupportsthebodyandsafeguardsthevitalorgansaswellasprovidinguswithasolidstructuretomovearound.Learningaboutbonemechanicsisrelevanttolearnaboutbonebreakageandhowandwhyitoccurs.Fracturesoccurwhenthepressureortheweightonabonesurpassesitsabilitytosupporttheweight(Kalaiyarasanetal.,2020).Bonesareveryimportanttissuescomposingcalciumandphosphorus.Theymultiplyrapidlyduringtheiryoungyearsandmendthemselvessatisfactorily.Thehumanskeletonisvitalasbonesgivesupporttotherestofthebodywhichisusuallysoft.Incasebonesbreak,oneofthemostcommonwaysoftreatingthemisthroughbonejointsthatrejointhebrokenparts(Fouad,2011).Inordertofacilitatethestabilizationofthebonestructure,anumberofinternalfixationinstrumentssuchasboneplatesareimplanted(Innocentietal.,2016).Thefemurskeletoniscapableofsupporting25percentofthebodyweightoftheheightoftheperson.Itiscapableofsupporting2500N(4timesthebodyweight)withoutcausinganoticeablereductioninthefactorofsafety(Ceddiaetal.,2024).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page5Thecommerciallyavailableboneplatescomprisedofbiocompatiblemetallicmaterialsormetalalloysareusedinthecurrentfracturefixationtechnique.Toaidinthehealingprocess,theseboneplatesareoftenattachedtoonesideofthefracture.Prosthesisgeometry,materialcharacteristics,andsurfacefinishingarethemostcrucialaspectsoffemoralprosthesisdesignthatimpactaprostheticbioimplant'slong-termlife.Furthermore,thedissimilaritiesbetweentherigidityofanativeboneandabioimplantareblamedfortheprosthesis'sfailure.Forprosthesestosurviveovertime,thecrucialbiomechanicalfactorsatthebonebioimplantinterfacemustbecarefullytakenintoaccount.Highstiffnessisknowntoleadtoproblemswithstressshielding,whichultimatelyleadstothefailureofabioimplant.Ontheotherhand,extremelylowstiffnessmayresultinmicrodislocationandprosthesismigration.Prostheticbonebioimplantshavebeendesignedanddevelopedusingconventionalmetallicbiomaterialsliketitaniumalloy(Ti-6Al-4V)andstainlesssteel(SS316L)(Ahirwaretal.,2021).Themostcommontypeofimplantfabricationmaterialisthestainlesssteel(SS316L).Thestainlesssteel(SS316L)isveryrigidwithhighmodulus(approximately200Gpa)whichmakesitverylikelytocreatestrongshieldingeffect(Basirometal.,2023).Despitethesegeneralizedimpressions,thequantitativestudyinadirectandnumericalmanneroftheeffectsofthetwomaterialsonthebiomechanicsofeccentricfractureofthefemuratrealisticconditionsofmultiloadcarriesastrongclinicalimplicationinthejudgment(Zhangetal.,2021a).FiniteElementMethod(FEM)isconsideredtobeoneofthemostbroadlyembracedcomputationaltoolsusedtomodelbiomechanicalstructures.FEMisanumericalmethodofsolvingcomplicatedstructuralandmechanicalproblemsthatarenoteasytosolvenumericallybyotherstandardanalyticalmethods.Inbiomechanicalstudies,solidmodelingpackageslikeSolidWorkshavebeenpopularinthecreationofthreedimensionalmodelsthatareverysimilartothestructuresofthehumanbody.Thesemodelsarethenimportedtosimulationplatformstobeanalyzedindetailinthemechanicalanalysis.TheinteractivemethodofFiniteElementAnalysis(FEA)isnowacommontoolofbiomedicalstudyinsystematicexplorationofbiomechanicalbehavior.WiththehelpofsoftwareprogramslikeCOMSOLMultiphysics,scientistsareabletobuildmoredetailedthreedimensionalmodelswhichareabletodepictthedetailedcorticalstructureofboneslikethefemur.UsingFEA,stressandstraindistributioncanbegeneratedandvisualizedinthebone-implantsystem.Specifically,parametersofvonMisesstressontheplateandbonesurfacescouldbeassessed,whichmakesthemapromisingnon-GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page6invasiveandreliablemeansofestimatingtheimplantperformanceandmeasuringtheeffectofstressshieldinginthecaseofvariousloadingconditions(Ronsivalleetal.,2025).Thegoalofthisresearchistocreateaboneplateimplantforthefemurbone.COMSOLisusedtodesigntheimplanttoanalyzeandcomparethemechanicalbehavioroftitaniumandstainlesssteelunderidenticalloadingandboundaryconditionsusingfiniteelementanalysis.Thestudyfocusesonevaluatingstressdistributionanddisplacementresponsestodeterminetheeffectofmaterialselectionandidentifythemoresuitablematerialforload-bearingapplications.2.METHODOLOGYAcomparativebiomechanicalstudyoftheFemurplatescrewsystemwasdoneusingtheFiniteelementmethod(FEM)incomsolMultiphysicsinastringentproceduretoguaranteethereliabilityofthesimulation.Thiswasdonebycreatinga3Dmodelofthefemur,plateandscrewswiththecorrectanatomicaldimensionsandmaterialproperties.Thematerialswereallocateddependingonthenatureofthebone(corticalandcancellousbone)andtheimplantationmaterialssuchastitaniumorstainlesssteel.Previousconditionswereusedtomodelreal-lifeconstraints,includingfixingthefemurontheproximalendandleavingtheendoftheplateandscrews,simulatingtheirreal-lifeconnection.Compressive,shear,andbendingforcesweresimulatedtophysiologicallyloadthesysteminordertoreproduceactivitiesthathumanstypicallyperformduringwalkingorstanding.Themodelhasbeendividedintosmallerelementsusingameshingstrategysothatitcanhavemoremeshdensityontheareasthatareconsideredtobecriticalincalculatingstressandstrain.Thefindingshelpedintheunderstandingofthemechanicalperformanceandpossiblepointsoffailureofthesystemunderdifferentloadingconditions.2.1GeometricalModelofaBonePlateTheanatomymodelofsimulatingabonefractureismadein3Dthatiscomprisedoftwoimportantstructures;theoutersolidcorticalboneandtheinnerporouscancellouscore.Theouterlayerofbone,thecorticalboneisbuilttohavearadiusof15mmandheightof200mm.Thisisathick,compactlayerofbonesandservesthepurposeofstrengthandprotection,asdoesthesameinthehumanbody.Thisshellofthecortexisthecancellousbone,whichisofspongylessdensestructure;itsradiusmeasures10mmanditsheight200mm.Thecancellousboneortheinnercoreiswhatmakestheboneflexibleandshockabsorbingwhichaidsinthedistributionofforceswithinthebone.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page7Thecancellouscoreisenclosedinthesolidcorticalboneinthemodel,whichisaprecisereplicaofthenaturalstructureofthelongbones,likethefemurorthetibia.Tomodelafracture,atransversalgapof1mmisinsertedatthemid-shaftwhichisanunstablebonefracture.Thisdiscontinuitymeansthatthebonecannotcarrytheloadsdirectlyacrossthefracturedbone.Rather,load-bearingacrossthefracturesiteshouldbecarriedallbyanimplantconstruct.Thefractureisrepresentedandhasanellipticalcross-sectionalongthelongaxisofthebonesothatitisatruemodelofafracturethatcanhappeninpractice.Theellipticalformofthismodelhelpsinthestructuralintegrityofthemodelandalsomakesthemodelsuitableinbiomechanicalsimulations.Thefracturedboneisstabilizedbytheimplantwhichismadeofaplateofheight150mm,width17mmandthickness3mmwhichisthenormalsizeofanorthopedicplateusedtofixafracture.Thisplateactsasthesupportaswellasgluebetweenthetwopartsofthebrokenbone.Sevenscrewsareappliedsothattheplatecansecurelybeinposition.Thesescrewshavebeendesignedascylindricaldesignswitharadiusof3.5mmandaheightof22mm,whichistheaveragesizeofscrewsinorthopedicsurgeries.Thescrewsarefitthroughpre-formedholesontheplateanditshouldbeensuredtofitinthecorticalboneintherightmannertotransfertheactualweight,thescrewswereplacedwithintheholesprovidedintheplateasindicatedinFig:1.2.2MaterialstheircharacteristicsFigure1:3DModeloffemoralbonewithplateandscrewsandGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page8ThetworepresentativemetalbiomaterialsthatcouldrepresenttheboneplatedesignwereTi-6Al-4VandSS316L.Table1summarizesthemetallicbiomaterialsincludingtheirphysicalandmechanicalpropertiesincludingtheirdensity,Young’smodulus,Poissonratioandtensilestrength.ThedensityofSS316Lis7870kg/m3andtensilestrengthof600MpaisbetterthanTi-6Al-4V(Ahirwaretal.,2021).Table1:FiniteelementmodelcomponentsusedmaterialpropertiesComponentMaterialYoung'sModulus(Pa)Poisson'sRatio(v)DensityCorticalBoneIsotropicElastic17e9Pa1.1e11Pa0.30.341900kg/m34430kg/m3Plate+ScrewPlate+ScrewTitanium(Ti-Al-4V)Stainlesssteel(SS316L)193e9Pa0.378703m2.3FEMBoundaryConditionAloadandaboundaryconditionareappliedtotheboneplateandsolidmechanicsanalysiswithCOMSOLMultiphysicsisapplied.2.3.1FixedSupportThedistalendoftheboneofthefemurwasgivenafixedsupportaspresentedintheGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Fig:2.Page9Figure2:distalendofthefemurbonereceivesfixedsupport2.3.2LoadFigure3and4depictthataloadof-1000Nwasappliedtotheproximalendoftheboneofthefemurandaloadof1.1MPawasappliedtothesurfaceofthebonethatisoppositetotheplate(Zhangetal.,2021b).ThiswasdoneagainwithbothplateFigure3:-1000NforceisappliedontheproximalendoffemoralboneGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page10materialstodeterminethebiomechanicalresponseofthesystemtotheseloadingconditions.Figure4:1.1MPapfloadpressureisappliedonthebonesurfaceoppositetotheplate2.4MeshandStudyAsophisticatedtetrahedricmeshoffine(0.2-0.5mm)elementsinfractureregionsandscrews.Convergenceaffirmed<5%maximumvariationinstress(Das&Sarangi,2014).Thisreactionwasarousedduringthenonlineargeometryandcontactstationarystudytoprovidethecorrectanalysisofstability.3.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTocomparethebiomechanicalperformanceofbothTi-6Al-4V(TitaniumAlloy)andSS316L(StainlessSteel)boneplatesystems,bothalloysweretestedinthesameconditionsofapplicationandloadingboundaries.Boundaryloadswhichwere1000Nandproximalendofthefemurandthepressureontheoppositesurfaceoftheplatewhichwas1.1MPawasidenticalinbothmaterialsystems.Thegreatestdistinctionbetweenthetwomaterialsisthemechanicalpropertiesespeciallythestiffness,strength,andelasticity.Consequently,thebehavioroftheplateindeformationofthefemursystemwasdifferentbasedonthematerialinwhichtheplatewasmade.Ti-6Al-4VisaGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page11titaniumalloythatisknowntobelightweightanditsstrengthtoweightratioismuchhigherandtherefore,tendstodeformrelativelylesstotheappliedloads.Conversely,SS316L,austeniticstainlesssteel,ismorerigidandflexiblethantitaniumwhichmeansthatitdeformsdifferentlyinthesameloadingconditions.Suchmaterialbehaviordifferencesareobservedinthedeformationtrajectoriesasthedegreeanddistributionofstressandstrainthroughoutthesystemaredifferentinthetwomaterials,whichprovideaninsightintothebehaviorandtheappropriatenessofeachmaterialtotheorthopedicuses.3.1ForceisAppliedontheProximalEndofFemoralBoneForTi-6Al-4Vmaterial,thedisplacementisbetween0to4.867mm.andthemaxvonMisesstressis6.088E8N/m²asshowninFig:5.The2DdisplacementcontouronFigure5:3DdisplacementandvonMisesstressinTi-6Al-4VmaterialFig:6affirmedthedisplacementwasgreatestaboutthefracturegapthanabouttheotherpartsofthebone.Thepointgraphin1Dillustratesinfig.7therelationshipbetweenstressanddisplacement,showinghowstressdecreasesasdisplacementincreases.Thisgraphiscrucialforunderstandingthebehaviorofthematerialunderdifferentloadingconditions.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page12ForStainlesssteel(SS316L)material,thedisplacementisbetween0to4.546mm.andthemaxvonMisesstressis6.485E8N/m²asshowninFig:8.The2DcontourofthedisplacementasdepictedinFig:9confirmedthefactthatthedeformationwashighestaroundthefracturegapthantherestofthebone.Thepointgraphin1Dillustratesinfig:10therelationshipbetweenstressanddisplacement,showinghowstressdecreasesasdisplacementincreases.Thisgraphiscrucialforunderstandingthebehaviorofthematerialunderdifferentloadingconditions.Figure7:1DpointgraphofTimaterialFigure9:2DdisplacementcontourinSSFigure9:2DdisplacementcontourinSSFigure6:2DdisplacementcontourinTiFigure8:3DdisplacementandvonMisesstressinSS316LmaterialFigure7:1DpointgraphofTimaterial3.2PressureisAppliedontheBoneSurfaceOppositetothePlateForTitaniumalloy(Ti-6Al-4V)material,thedisplacementisbetween0to9.283mm.andthemaxvonMisesstressis3.019E9N/m²asshowninFig:11.The2DcontourofthedisplacementasshowninFig:12wasusefulinsupportinghowthegreatestdeformationwasonthebonearoundthefracturegapthaninotherareas.Thepointgraphin1DillustratesinFig:7therelationshipbetweenstressanddisplacement,GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page13showinghowstressdecreasesasdisplacementincreases.Thisgraphiscrucialforunderstandingthebehaviorofthematerialunderdifferentloadingconditions.Figure11:3DdisplacementandvonMisesstressinTi-6Al-4VmaterialFigure12:2DdisplacementcontourinTiForStainless(SS316L)material,steeltheGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page14displacementisbetween0to8.970mm.andthemaxvonMisesstressis3.617E9N/m²asshowninFig:13.The2DcontourofthedisplacementasshowninFig:14wasusefulinsupportinghowthegreatestdeformationwasonthebonearoundthefracturegapthaninotherareas.Thepointgraphin1Dillustratesinfig:10therelationshipbetweenstressanddisplacement,showinghowstressdecreasesasdisplacementincreases.Thisgraphiscrucialforunderstandingthebehaviorofthematerialunderdifferentloadingconditions.Figure13:3DdisplacementandvonMisesstressinSS316LmaterialGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page15Figure14:2DdisplacementcontourinSS4.CONCLUSION&FUTUREWORKThecomparativeanalysisofthemechanicalperformanceoftwoorthopedicmaterialsthatarecommonlyusedinorthopedicimplantation,includingTitaniumalloy(Ti-6Al-4V)andStainlessSteel(SS316L),wasmadepossiblethroughthefiniteelementanalysisconductedinthisstudy.ThefindingsalsoshowedthatTi-6Al-4Vismorerigidandstructurallystableduringthephysiologicalloadingconditions.ThiscouldbeseeninthelowervaluesofdeformationanddisplacementvaluesrecordedonthetitaniumalloymodelthanonSS316L.Reduceddisplacementalsoimpliesthattheimplanthasahigherabilitytomaintainitsstructuralintegrityandwithstandthebendingormechanicaldistortionwhenexposedtotheexternalloads,whichiscriticalintheassuranceofstabilityoffixationconstructsinfracturedbones.Conversely,SS316Ldemonstratedahigherdisplacementwhichimpliesthatitismoreflexibleandlessrigidwhensubjectedtothesameloading.Althoughadegreeofdeformationmightbeusefulinsomebiomedicalapplications,toomuchdeformationcanadverselyaffecttheabilityofimplantstostayinplace,especiallywhentheimplantisrequiredtosupportaloadaswithorthopedicimplantitemslikeboneplatesandscrews.Highdisplacementmaycausemicro-movementsatthefracturesitethatmightinfluencefracturehealingandextendtheadverseconsequencesoffatigueormechanicalfailureovertimeofimplants.Thus,accordingtothefindingsobtainedduringthefiniteelementanalysis,Ti-6Al-4Vcouldberegardedasabetterchoiceofmaterialtobeusedinorthopedicimplantationwithhighmechanicalstabilityandlong-lastingperformance,i.e.,thefracturefixationplateandscrew(Dudko,2025).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page16Thefuturestepinworkshouldbetoperformtestsonsuchmaterialsundermorecomplicated,dynamicloadingconditionsthatcanreplicatereal-lifemovementsandinvestigatehowsurfacetreatmentsorcoatingcanenhancebiocompatibilityandwearandcorrosionresistance,aswellasusepatient-specificconsiderationstomakethetestmorepersonalized.Moreso,thefiniteelementmodelsshouldbeexperimentallyapprovedbyinvitroandinvivoexperimentstovalidatetheresultsandoptimizethedesignandmaterialsselectionofimplants,inordertoachieveimprovedclinicalresults.5.REFERENCESAhirwar,H.,Gupta,V.K.,&Nanda,H.S.(2021).Finiteelementanalysisoffixedboneplatesoverfracturedfemurmodel.ComputerMethodsinBiomechanicsandBiomedicalEngineering,24(15),1742–1751.https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2021.1918123Apivatthakakul,T.,&Chiewcharntanakit,S.(2009).Minimallyinvasiveplateosteosynthesis(MIPO)inthetreatmentofthefemoralshaftfracturewhereintramedullarynailingisnotindicated.InternationalOrthopaedics,33(4),1119–1126.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-008-0603-2Balasubramani,V.,Gokul,D.,&Gokul,R.K.(2023).Modellingandfiniteelementanalysisoffracturedfemurbonewithlockingcompressionplateunderfatigueloadcondition.MaterialsToday:Proceedings.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.437Basirom,I.,Daud,R.,Ijaz,M.F.,Rojan,M.A.,&Basaruddin,K.S.(2023).StabilityAnalysisofPlate—ScrewFixationforFemoralMidshaftFractures.Materials,16(17),5958.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175958Birringer,R.P.,Ganot,G.S.,&James,B.A.(2016).FailureAnalysisofInternalFixationMedicalDevices:OverviewandCaseStudies.JournalofFailureAnalysisandPrevention,16(5),849–857.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-016-0159-1Ceddia,M.,Solarino,G.,Tucci,M.,Lamberti,L.,&Trentadue,B.(2024).StressAnalysisofTibialBoneUsingThreeDifferentMaterialsforBoneFixationPlates.JournalofCompositesScience,8(9),334.https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090334Crist,B.D.,&Wolinsky,P.R.(2009).ReamingDoesNotAddSignificantTimetoIntramedullaryNailingofDiaphysealFracturesoftheTibiaandFemur.JournalofGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2092https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.13G.2092Page17Trauma:Injury,Infection&CriticalCare,67(4),727–734.https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31819db55cCronier,P.,Pietu,G.,Dujardin,C.,Bigorre,N.,Ducellier,F.,&Gerard,R.(2010).Theconceptoflockingplates.Orthopaedics&Traumatology:Surgery&Research,96(4),S17–S36.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2010.03.008Das,S.,&Sarangi,S.K.(2014).FiniteElementAnalysisofFemurFractureFixationPlates.InInternationalJournalofBasicandAppliedBiologyPrint(Vol.1,Number1).http://www.k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