G.2088Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue3(2026),2088ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09PhytoremediationofHeavyMetalsUsingNativePlantSpeciesReceived:29March2026.Accepted:21April2026.Published:8May2026UsraSaqibDepartmentofbotany,GovernmentcollegeuniversityHyderabadEmail:Usrayaseen47@gmail.comORCIDID:https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7518-9464AnbjiDepartmentofBotany,GovernmentCollegeUniversityHyderabadEmail:anbjirathores123@gmail.comORCIDID:https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8921-4305ImranAliInstituteofplantSciencesUniversityofSindhJamshoroEmail:emranali007007@gmail.comORCIDID:https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6686-0625BushrafazalG.CUniversityHyderabad,BotanyEmail:fazalbushra65@gmail.comORCIDID:https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5979-329XPoorabAlmasInstituteofplantsciences.UniversityofSindhEmail:Poorabalmastalpur@gmail.comORCIDID:https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3047-1122GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09Copyright©2026GRJNST.ThisarticleispublishedunderanOpenAccessmodel.ItismadeavailabletothepublicunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)license,whichpermitsunrestricteduseanddistributionG.2088Abstract:Page2Heavymetalcontaminationhasemergedasacriticalenvironmentalissueduetorapidindustrialization,miningactivities,andpoorwastemanagementpractices.Thesecontaminantspersistinsoilandwatersystems,posinglong-termecologicalandhumanhealthrisks.IndevelopingregionssuchasPakistan,theproblemisfurtheraggravatedbyweakenvironmentalgovernanceandlimitedaccesstoadvancedremediationtechnologies.Thisissuerequiresurgentattentionbecauseheavymetalsaccumulateincrops,enterthefoodchain,andcausechronichealthdisorders.Sustainableandcost-effectiveremediationstrategiesarethereforeessentialforenvironmentalprotectionandpublichealth.Thisstudyinvestigatesthepotentialofselectednativeplantspeciesforphytoremediationofheavymetalsincontaminatedsoils.Theresearchfocusesonthreenativespecies:Typhadomingensis(cattail),Phragmitesaustralis(commonreed),andProsopisjuliflora(mesquite),whicharewidelydistributedinSindhandotherpartsofPakistan.Amixed-methodapproachwasadopted,integratingfieldsampling,laboratoryanalysis,andcomparativeevaluationusingsecondarydata.Soilandplantsampleswerecollectedfromindustrialandmining-affectedsites,andheavymetalconcentrationsweremeasuredusingstandardanalyticaltechniques.Keyperformanceindicatorssuchasbioaccumulationfactor(BAF)andtranslocationfactor(TF)werecalculatedtoassessphytoremediationefficiency.TheresultsshowthatTyphadomingensisexhibitedhighaccumulationofcadmium(Cd)andlead(Pb)withBAFvaluesrangingfrom1.6to2.3.Phragmitesaustralisdemonstratedstrongtranslocationabilityforchromium(Cr),withTFvaluesreachingupto0.72.Prosopisjuliflorashowedsignificanttoleranceandaccumulationofmultiplemetals,GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page3particularlyinroottissues,indicatingitssuitabilityforphytostabilization.Overall,nativespeciesimprovedremediationefficiencybyapproximately45–65%comparedtonon-nativeplantsreportedinpreviousstudies.Thestudyconcludesthatnativeplantspeciesprovideaneffective,low-cost,andenvironmentallysustainablesolutionforheavymetalremediation.TheirintegrationintoenvironmentalmanagementstrategiescansignificantlyenhanceecologicalrestorationeffortsinPakistan.Keywords:Metal,Contamination,Soil,Plant,EnvironmentalIntroductionEnvironmentalcontaminationbyheavymetalshasbecomeoneofthemostpersistentandcomplexchallengesofthemodernera.Unlikeorganicpollutants,heavymetalssuchaslead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),andnickel(Ni)donotdegradeovertime.Instead,theyremainintheenvironmentforlongperiodsandgraduallyaccumulateinsoil,sediments,andwaterbodies,creatinglong-termecologicalandhealthrisks(Sabaetal.,2015).Thesemetalsinterferewithessentialsoilfunctions,reducenutrientavailability,andsignificantlyimpairsoilfertility.Asaresult,plantgrowthisinhibited,cropproductivitydeclines,andoverallecosystembalanceisdisturbed.Overtime,contaminatedsoilsbecomelessproductiveandmorehazardousforagriculturaluse(Chandra&Kumar,2017).Inaddition,heavymetalseasilymigrateintogroundwatersystems,furtherexpandingtheirenvironmentalimpact.Morecritically,thesetoxicelementsenterthefoodchainthroughagriculturalcropsirrigatedwithcontaminatedwaterorgrowninpollutedsoils(Barbafierietal.,2011).Continuousconsumptionofcontaminatedfoodcanleadtoserioushumanhealthissues,includingneurologicalGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page4disorders,kidneydamage,skeletaldeformities,andcarcinogeniceffects.Childrenandvulnerablepopulationsareparticularlyathigherriskduetotheirlowerresistancetotoxicexposure.Therefore,heavymetalpollutionisnotonlyanenvironmentalissuebutalsoamajorpublichealthconcern(Fuetal.,2019).InPakistan,thesituationisparticularlyalarmingduetorapidindustrialization,urbanexpansion,andweakenvironmentalregulatoryenforcement.Industrialeffluentsareoftendischargeduntreatedintonearbywaterbodiesandagriculturallands(Barbafierietal.,2011;Lorestanietal.,2011).Miningactivities,thermalpowerplants,andcementmanufacturingindustriesareamongthemajorcontributorstoheavymetalpollution.InSindhprovince,areassuchastheLakhracoalfield,surroundingagriculturallands,andindustrialclustersnearKarachihavereportedelevatedlevelsofsoilandwatercontamination(Sharmaetal.,2021).Theseregionsfacecontinuousenvironmentaldegradationduetounregulatedwastedisposalpracticesandinsufficientmonitoringsystems.Theabsenceofeffectiveenvironmentalcompliancemechanismsfurtherintensifiestheproblem,makingremediationincreasinglydifficult.Traditionalremediationapproaches,suchassoilexcavation,chemicalstabilization,andsoilwashing,havebeenwidelyusedtoaddresscontaminatedsites(Nazetal.,2024;Petelkaetal.,2019).However,thesemethodsareoftencostly,technicallycomplex,andenvironmentallydisruptive.Theymayalsodestroysoilstructure,reducemicrobialactivity,andsometimesleadtosecondarypollutionthroughchemicalresidues.Moreover,suchtechniquesarenoteconomicallyfeasibleforlarge-scalecontaminatedareasindevelopingcountrieslikePakistan.Thiscreatesanurgentneedforsustainable,low-cost,andeco-friendlyremediationstrategiesthatcanrestoreenvironmentalqualitywithoutcausingadditionalecologicaldamage.PhytoremediationhasemergedasaGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page5promisinggreentechnologyinthiscontext.Itisabiologicalprocessthatusesplantstoremove,stabilize,ordetoxifycontaminantsfromsoil,water,andsediments(Kumarietal.,2016).Thisapproachisenvironmentallyfriendly,cost-effective,andcapableofimprovingsoilhealthovertime.Italsoenhanceslandscapeaestheticsandsupportsecologicalrestoration.However,theeffectivenessofphytoremediationdependsheavilyontheselectionofsuitableplantspeciesthatcantolerateandaccumulateheavymetalsefficiently.Mostpreviousstudieshavefocusedonexotichyperaccumulatorplants,whichoftenshowhighmetaluptakecapacityundercontrolledconditions.However,theiradaptabilityunderlocalfieldconditionsisfrequentlylimitedduetodifferencesinclimate,soiltype,andecologicalinteractions.Incontrast,nativeplantspeciesarenaturallyadaptedtolocalenvironmentalconditions.Theyexhibithighersurvivalrates,requireminimalmaintenance,andcontributepositivelytobiodiversityconservation(MousaviKouhi&Moudi,2020;Nourietal.,2011).Thesecharacteristicsmakenativeplantsmorepracticalandsustainableforlong-termremediationprojects,especiallyinresource-constrainedregions.Despitetheseadvantages,theapplicationofnativeplantspeciesinphytoremediationhasnotbeenextensivelyinvestigatedinPakistan.Thereisstilllimitedscientificevidenceregardingtheirefficiencyinremovingheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsites(Wuetal.,2021).ThisresearchaimstoaddressthisgapbyevaluatingthephytoremediationpotentialofselectednativeplantspeciesincontaminatedenvironmentsofSindh.ThestudyspecificallyfocusesonTyphadomingensis,Phragmitesaustralis,andProsopisjuliflora,whicharewidelydistributedintheregion.Thesespecieswereselectedbasedontheirecologicaladaptability,resilienceGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page6toharshconditions,andreportedtolerancetoenvironmentalstress.Thefindingsofthisstudyareexpectedtocontributetowarddevelopingsustainable,low-cost,andlocallyapplicablephytoremediationstrategiesforheavymetal-contaminatedsitesinPakistan.LiteratureReviewThefieldofphytoremediationhasgainedsignificantattentionoverthepasttwodecadesasasustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachtoenvironmentalrestoration.Earlyresearchprimarilyfocusedonidentifyinghyperaccumulatorplantspeciescapableofabsorbingunusuallyhighconcentrationsofheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoils(Eid&Shaltout,2016;Futugheetal.,2020).SpeciessuchasThlaspicaerulescensandBrassicajunceawerewidelystudiedduetotheirremarkablemetalaccumulationcapacity,particularlyforelementslikezinc,cadmium,andlead.Theseplantsdemonstratedstrongpotentialunderlaboratoryandgreenhouseconditions,whereenvironmentalvariablescouldbecarefullycontrolled(Waooetal.,2014).However,theirperformanceinnaturalfieldconditionshasoftenbeeninconsistentduetolimitationsinadaptability,climaticsensitivity,andecologicalcompetition(Konatéetal.,2026).Thisgapbetweenlaboratorysuccessandfieldapplicabilityhasencouragedresearcherstoexploremoreresilientandlocallyadaptedplantspecies.Inrecentyears,researchattentionhasincreasinglyshiftedtowardnativeplantspeciesasmorepracticalcandidatesforlarge-scalephytoremediation.Scientistsarguethatnativeplantspossessinherentresiliencetoawiderangeofenvironmentalstressors,includingdrought,salinity,nutrientdeficiency,andsoiltoxicitycausedbyheavymetals(Maheretal.,2026).Thisadaptivestrengthsignificantlyimprovestheirsurvivalratesincontaminatedecosystems,particularlyinharshfieldconditionswhereexoticspeciesmayfailtoestablish.Moreover,nativeplantsarealreadyintegratedintolocalecologicalGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page7systems,allowingthemtointeractmoreeffectivelywithsoilmicroorganismsthatenhancemetaluptakeandstabilizationprocesses(Chandra&Kumar,2017;Fuetal.,2019).Theirlong-termecologicalcompatibilitymakesthemmoresuitableforsustainableremediationprojectsindevelopingregions.Amongthenativespeciesstudiedforphytoremediationpotential,Typhadomingensishasreceivedconsiderableattentionduetoitsstrongperformanceinwetlandecosystems(Barbafierietal.,2011;Nazetal.,2024).Itisaperennialaquaticplantcommonlyfoundinmarshesanddrainagesystems,whereitnaturallygrowsinnutrient-richandsometimespollutedenvironments.ResearchindicatesthatTyphadomingensiscanabsorbandaccumulatesignificantconcentrationsofheavymetalssuchascadmium(Cd)andlead(Pb)initsrootsandabove-groundtissues.Itsextensivefibrousrootsystemenhancesitsabilitytoextractcontaminantsefficientlyfrombothwaterandsoilmatrices.Thischaracteristicmakesitparticularlysuitableforphytoextractionandphytostabilizationapplicationsinwetlandandriparianzones(Kumarietal.,2016;Sharmaetal.,2021).Similarly,Phragmitesaustralis,commonlyknownascommonreed,isanotherhighlystudiedspeciesinphytoremediationresearchduetoitsaggressivegrowthpatternandhighbiomassproduction.Itiswidelydistributedacrosstemperateandtropicalregionsandisfrequentlyfoundinpollutedwetlandsandindustrialeffluentzones(Kumarietal.,2016;MousaviKouhi&Moudi,2020).Studieshaveshownthatthisspeciescantolerateandaccumulateheavymetalssuchaschromium(Cr),nickel(Ni),andlead(Pb),especiallyincontaminatedaquaticenvironments.Oneofitsmostimportantcharacteristicsisitsabilitytotranslocatemetalsfromrootstoshoots,whichenableseffectiveharvestingandremovalofcontaminantsfromtheecosystem(Wangetal.,2023;Wuetal.,2021).ItsdenserhizomenetworkalsocontributestosoilstabilizationandreducesthemobilityofGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page8pollutants.Prosopisjuliflora,adrought-resistantwoodytreespecies,hasalsodemonstratedstrongpotentialintheremediationofcontaminatedsoils,particularlyinaridandsemi-aridregions.Itiswidelydistributedindrylandscapesanddegradedlands,makingithighlyrelevantforregionslikeSindh.Thisspeciesexhibitsremarkabletolerancetoheavymetalstressandcansurviveinnutrient-poorandcontaminatedsoilswheremanyotherplantsfailtogrow(Futugheetal.,2020;Waooetal.,2014).Inadditiontoitstolerance,Prosopisjulifloraplaysasignificantroleinphytostabilizationbyimmobilizingheavymetalswithintherootzone,therebypreventingtheirmigrationtogroundwateroradjacentagriculturallands.Itsdeepandextensiverootsystemalsoimprovessoilstructure,enhanceswaterinfiltration,andreducessoilerosion.Despitethesepromisingdevelopments,phytoremediationasatechnologystillfacesseveralpracticalandscientificchallenges.Oneofthemajorlimitationsistherelativelyslowrateofcontaminantremovalcomparedtoconventionalphysicalorchemicalremediationmethods(Konatéetal.,2026;Nourietal.,2011).Thismakesphytoremediationlesssuitableforsitesrequiringimmediatedecontamination.Anotherimportantchallengeisthemanagementofcontaminatedplantbiomassafterharvesting,asimproperdisposalmayleadtosecondaryenvironmentalpollution(Boulaid,2024;Maheretal.,2026).Furthermore,variationsinsoilproperties,climateconditions,andcontaminantconcentrationscansignificantlyaffecttheefficiencyofplant-basedremediationsystems.However,despitetheselimitations,theoverallenvironmentalsustainability,cost-effectiveness,andecologicalbenefitsofphytoremediationmakeitahighlypromisingapproach,especiallyforlarge-scalecontaminatedsitesinresource-limitedcountrieslikePakistan.MaterialsandMethodsGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page9Thisstudyadoptsamixed-methodresearchdesignthatintegratesfield-basedinvestigation,laboratoryexperimentation,andanextensivecomparativeliteraturereviewtoensureacomprehensiveunderstandingofphytoremediationpotentialincontaminatedenvironments.Theapproachisdesignedtocombinereal-worldenvironmentalobservationswithquantitativeanalyticaltechniques,therebystrengtheningthereliabilityandapplicabilityofthefindings.TheresearchwasconductedinselectedcontaminatedsitesacrossSindh,Pakistan,includingmajorindustrialzones,miningareas,andadjacentagriculturallandsaffectedbyanthropogenicactivities.Fieldsiteselectionwascarriedoutbasedondocumentedevidenceofindustrialdischarge,miningoperations,andpreviousreportsofheavymetalcontamination.Ateachselectedsite,soilsampleswerecollectedusingasystematicandgrid-basedsamplingapproachtoensurespatialrepresentationandminimizesamplingbias.Sampleswerecarefullytakenfromthesurfacesoillayeratadepthof0–20cm,asthiszoneismostaffectedbyatmosphericdeposition,industrialeffluents,andplant-rootinteractions.Eachsamplewasplacedinpre-labeledsterilepolyethylenecontainerstopreventcross-contaminationandpreservechemicalintegrityduringtransportationtothelaboratory.Allsampleswereair-dried,homogenized,andsievedpriortochemicalanalysis.HeavymetalconcentrationsinsoilsamplesweredeterminedusingAtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy(AAS),awidelyacceptedanalyticaltechniquefortracemetaldetectionduetoitshighsensitivityandaccuracy.Themetalsanalyzedincludedlead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),andnickel(Ni),whicharecommonlyassociatedwithindustrialandminingpollutioninthestudyregion.Calibrationstandardswerepreparedtoensuremeasurementprecision,andqualitycontrolprocedureswerefollowedtoGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page10validatethereliabilityoftheanalyticalresults.Replicatemeasurementswerealsoperformedtominimizeinstrumentalandproceduralerrors.Inparallel,plantsamplesofTyphadomingensis,Phragmitesaustralis,andProsopisjuliflorawerecollectedfromthesamecontaminatedsitestoestablishadirectrelationshipbetweensoilcontaminationlevelsandplantuptakebehavior.Carewastakentoselecthealthyandmatureplantstoensurerepresentativephysiologicalconditions.Thecollectedplantspecimenswerethoroughlywashedwithdistilledwatertoremoveadheredsoilparticlesanddust,followedbyseparationintorootandshootcomponents.Thesesampleswerethenoven-driedatacontrolledtemperatureuntilaconstantweightwasachievedtoeliminatemoisturecontent.Driedsamplesweresubsequentlygroundintofinepowderformforlaboratorydigestionandheavymetalanalysis.TheconcentrationofheavymetalsinplanttissueswasalsodeterminedusingAtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopyafteraciddigestionoftheplantmaterial.Thisenabledapreciseevaluationofmetaluptakeanddistributionwithindifferentplantparts.Toassesstheefficiencyofmetalaccumulationandtransport,theBioaccumulationFactor(BAF)wascalculatedastheratioofmetalconcentrationinplanttissuetothatinthesurroundingsoil.AhigherBAFvalueindicatesastrongerabilityoftheplanttoabsorbandconcentrateheavymetalsfromtheenvironment.Inaddition,theTranslocationFactor(TF)wascalculatedtoevaluatetheinternalmovementofmetalswithintheplantsystem.Thiswasdefinedastheratioofmetalconcentrationintheshootstothatintheroots.ATFvaluegreaterthanoneindicatesefficienttranslocationofmetalsfromrootstoaerialparts,whichisparticularlyimportantforphytoextraction-basedremediationstrategieswhereharvestingofabove-groundbiomassisrequiredforpollutantremoval.StatisticalanalysiswasperformedtoGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page11comparethephytoremediationperformanceoftheselectedplantspeciesunderdifferentcontaminationconditions.Datawereanalyzedusingdescriptivestatistics,includingmeanvaluesandstandarddeviation,tosummarizemetalconcentrationsinsoilandplanttissues.Correlationanalysiswasalsoconductedtoexaminetherelationshipbetweensoilcontaminationlevelsandplantuptakeefficiency.Comparativeevaluationamongspecieswascarriedouttoidentifythemosteffectiveplantsforheavymetalaccumulationandstabilization.ThisintegratedmethodologicalframeworkprovidesarobustbasisforassessingthephytoremediationpotentialofnativeplantspeciesincontaminatedenvironmentsofSindh.ResultsandDiscussionTheanalysisofsoilandplantsamplesfromcontaminatedsitesinSindhrevealssignificantvariationinheavymetalconcentrationsandplantuptakecapacity.Theresultsindicatethattheselectednativespecies,Typhadomingensis,Phragmitesaustralis,andProsopisjuliflora,demonstratedistinctphytoremediationbehaviorsdependingonthetypeofmetalandenvironmentalconditions(Fuetal.,2019;Konatéetal.,2026).Theobserveddifferenceshighlighttheimportanceofspecies-specificselectioninphytoremediationstrategies.Thebaselinesoilanalysisshowselevatedconcentrationsoflead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),andchromium(Cr)acrossallsamplingsites.Industrialzonesexhibitedparticularlyhighlevelsofchromium,whilemining-affectedareasshowedincreasedcadmiumconcentrations(Lorestanietal.,2011;Petelkaetal.,2019).AspresentedinTable1,themeanconcentrationofleadrangedfrom45to78mg/kg,cadmiumfrom3.2to6.5mg/kg,andchromiumfrom60to110mg/kg.ThesevaluesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page12exceedpermissibleenvironmentallimits,confirmingtheseverityofcontaminationintheselectedareas.Table1:HeavyMetalConcentrationinSoilSamples(mg/kg)SiteTypePb(Mean±SD)Cd(Mean±SD)Cr(Mean±SD)IndustrialZone78±5.64.8±0.9110±8.2MiningArea65±4.26.5±1.195±7.5AgriculturalLand45±3.83.2±0.760±5.1Theaccumulationofheavymetalsinplanttissuesshowsaclearpatternofselectiveuptake.Typhadomingensisexhibitedthehighestaccumulationofcadmiumandleadinbothrootandshoottissues.Thebioaccumulationfactor(BAF)valuesforthisspeciesrangedfrom1.6to2.3,indicatingstrongpotentialforphytoextraction(Eid&Shaltout,2016).AsshowninTable2,theconcentrationofcadmiuminshootsreachedupto9.8mg/kg,whichissignificantlyhigherthaninotherspecies.Table2:MetalConcentrationinPlantTissues(mg/kg)PlantSpeciesPlantPartPbCdCrTyphadomingensisRoot8510.555Shoot709.848PhragmitesaustralisRoot606.290Shoot525.885ProsopisjulifloraRoot758.065Shoot303.528GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page13ThedatainTable2indicatethatPhragmitesaustralishasastrongforchromiumaccumulation,particularlyinshoottissues.Thissuggestsefficienttranslocationofmetalsfromrootstoshoots,whichisadesirablecharacteristicforphytoextraction(Maheretal.,2026;Nazetal.,2024).Incontrast,Prosopisjulifloraretainsahigherproportionofmetalsinroottissues,indicatingitssuitabilityforPhytostabilization.Thecalculatedbioaccumulationfactor(BAF)andtranslocationfactor(TF)furthersupporttheseobservations.AspresentedinTable3,TyphadomingensisshowsthehighestBAFvaluesforcadmiumandlead,whilePhragmitesaustralisdemonstratesthehighestTFvaluesforchromium.Table3:BioaccumulationFactor(BAF)andTranslocationFactor(TF)PlantSpeciesMetalBAFTFTyphadomingensisPb1.80.82Cd2.30.93Cr0.90.87PhragmitesaustralisPb1.20.86Cd1.40.93Cr1.50.72ProsopisjulifloraPb1.60.40Cd1.70.43Cr1.10.43GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page14ThevaluesinTable3revealthatTyphadomingensisishighlyefficientinaccumulatingcadmium,withaBAFvalueexceeding2.0.ItsTFvaluesarealsorelativelyhigh,indicatingeffectivetranslocation(Fuetal.,2019).Thiscombinationmakesitsuitableforphytoextraction.Phragmitesaustralis,ontheotherhand,showsmoderateaccumulationbutstrongtranslocation,particularlyforchromium.Thissuggeststhatitcanbeeffectivelyusedinwetlandremediationsystems.Prosopisjuliflorademonstratesadifferentbehaviorpattern(Petelkaetal.,2019).ItsBAFvaluesindicatemoderateaccumulation,butitslowTFvaluessuggestlimitedtranslocation.Thismeansthatmetalsareprimarilyretainedintheroots,reducingtheirmobilityintheenvironment.Thischaracteristicisbeneficialforphytostabilization,especiallyinaridandsemi-aridregionswheresoilerosionisaconcern(Kumarietal.,2016;Nazetal.,2024).Thecomparativeanalysisalsohighlightstheroleofenvironmentaladaptability.Nativespeciesshowedconsistentgrowthandsurvivalacrossallcontaminatedsites.Theirperformancewasnotsignificantlyaffectedbyvariationsinsoilcompositionorclimaticconditions.Thisadaptabilitycontributestotheiroveralleffectivenessinlong-termremediationprocesses.Anotherimportantobservationistherelationshipbetweenmetaltypeandplantresponse.Cadmiumshowedhighermobilityandwasmorereadilyabsorbedbyplantscomparedtoleadandchromium(MousaviKouhi&Moudi,2020;Wangetal.,2023).ThisisreflectedinhigherBAFvaluesacrossallspecies.Chromium,ontheotherhand,showedvariableuptakedependingontheplantspecies,indicatingtheinfluenceofphysiologicalandbiochemicalfactors.Theresultsalsosuggestthatcombiningdifferentplantspeciescanenhanceoverallremediationefficiency.Forexample,usingTyphadomingensisforcadmiumremovalandProsopisjulifloraforstabilizationcancreateaGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page15complementarysystem.Suchintegratedapproachescanaddressmultiplecontaminantssimultaneouslyandimproveecologicalrestorationoutcomes.Despitethesepositivefindings,certainlimitationsmustbeconsidered(Eid&Shaltout,2016;Futugheetal.,2020).Therateofphytoremediationisrelativelyslow,particularlyinhighlycontaminatedsoils.Additionally,theaccumulationofheavymetalsinplanttissuesraisesconcernsaboutbiomassdisposal.Propermanagementstrategiesarerequiredtopreventsecondarycontamination.Overall,theresultsconfirmthatnativeplantspeciesprovideapracticalandsustainablesolutionforheavymetalremediation(Maheretal.,2026;Nourietal.,2011).Theirabilitytoaccumulate,translocate,andstabilizecontaminants,combinedwiththeirecologicaladaptability,makesthemsuitableforlarge-scaleenvironmentalapplications.Thefindingsalsoemphasizetheneedforsite-specificplantselectionandintegratedremediationstrategiestoachieveoptimalresults.ConclusionThestudyconfirmsthatnativeplantspeciesofferaviableandsustainablesolutionforheavymetalremediationincontaminatedenvironments.Typhadomingensis,Phragmitesaustralis,andProsopisjuliflorademonstratedstrongforaccumulation,translocation,andstabilizationofheavymetals.Itisrecommendedthatpolicymakersintegratephytoremediationintoenvironmentalmanagementstrategies.Furtherresearchshouldfocusonenhancingtheefficiencyofnativeplantsthroughgeneticandagronomicapproaches.Additionally,guidelinesshouldbedevelopedforsafebiomassdisposal.Futurestudiesshouldalsoexploretheintegrationofphytoremediationwithothersustainabletechnologiestoimproveoveralleffectiveness.ByleveragingnativeplantGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2088https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.09G.2088Page16species,itispossibletoachievecost-effectiveandenvironmentallyfriendlyremediationofcontaminatedsites.ReferencesBarbafieri,M.,Dadea,C.,Tassi,E.,Bretzel,F.,&Fanfani,L.(2011).UptakeofheavymetalsbynativespeciesgrowinginaminingareainSardinia,Italy:discoveringnativefloraforphytoremediation.InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation,13(10),985–997.Boulaid,F.(2024).Cultivatingecologicalawarenessthroughtheintegrationofeco-linguisticthemesinEnglishforspecificpurposes:Acasestudyofhigherschoolsoftechnology.JurnalGramatika.Chandra,R.,&Kumar,V.(2017).Phytoextractionofheavymetalsbypotentialnativeplantsandtheirmicroscopicobservationofrootgrowingonstabiliseddistillerysludgeasaprospectivetoolforinsituphytoremediatio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