G.2087Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue3(2026),2083ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08AVerticalFarmingandSoillessCultivationTechnologiesforUrbanFoodSecurityReceived:18April2026.Accepted:30April2026.Published:18May2026GulMuhammadshah(Correspondingauthor)DepartmentofSoilScienceSindhAgricultureUniversity,Tandojamsyedgm7@gmail.comORCIDID:0009-0006-1677-0204MurtazaAliDepartmentofHorticulture,SindhAgricultureUniversity,Tandojammurtazal46@gmail.comIqraSultanRajputAgricultureofficer,AgriculturesupplyandpricesdepartmentGovernmentofSindh,Shahdadpur,SangharIqrar8202@gmail.comMirBaqarRazaTalpurDepartmentofAgronomySindhagricultureuniversityTandojambaqirtalpur2@gmail.comGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08Copyright©2026GRJNST.ThisarticleispublishedunderanOpenAccessmodel.ItismadeavailabletothepublicunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)license,whichpermitsunrestricteduseanddistributionG.2087Page2VerticalFarmingandSoillessCultivationTechnologiesforUrbanFoodSecurityAbstract:Verticalfarmingandsoillesscultivationtechnologiesrepresentaparadigmshiftinurbanagriculture,addressingthechallengesoffeedingaprojected9.7billionglobalpopulationby2050amidarablelandloss(1.8–2.4%annually),freshwaterscarcity(70%agriculturaluse),andclimatevolatility.Thisreviewsynthesizesadvancementsinhydroponics,aeroponics,andaquaponicsdecouplingproductionfromsoilvianutrientfilmtechnique(NFT),deepwaterculture(DWC),andverticalstackingenablingyear-roundyieldsupto390timeshigherthantraditionalmethodsperunitarea,with70–95%watersavingsandreducedpesticideneeds.KeyinnovationsincludeLED-optimizedspectrallighting(e.g.,red:blueratiosforphotosynthesis),AI-drivenclimatecontrol(sensorsforpH,EC,CO₂),andintegratedpestmanagement(IPM)withbeneficialmicrobes.Economicanalysesindicateviabilityinurbansettings(ROIsof3–5yearsforleafygreens),whileenvironmentalbenefitsencompasslowercarbonfootprints(vialocalizedproduction)andenhancedfoodsecurityinmegacities.Challengeslikehighenergydemands(addressedbyrenewables)andinitialcostsaremitigatedthroughmodulardesignsandsubsidies.Theintegrationofthesesystemspromisesresilient,localizedfoodchains,aligningwithSDGsforzerohungerandsustainablecities.Keywords:verticalfarming,soillesscultivation,hydroponics,aeroponics,aquaponics,urbanfoodsecurity,LEDlighting,AIclimatecontrol,water-useefficiency,nutrientfilmtechnique,integratedpestmanagement,carbonfootprintreduction1.IntroductionTheglobalagriculturallandscapeiscurrentlyundergoingastructuraltransformation,drivenbytheimperativetofeedapopulationprojectedtoreach9.7billionby2050whilegrapplingwiththesystemicdegradationofarablelandandthevolatilityofclimate-induceddisruptions(Appicciutolietal.,2025).Traditionalland-basedagriculture,whichaccountsfor80%ofglobaldeforestationandconsumesthevastmajorityofaccessiblefreshwater,isincreasinglyviewedasabrittlesystemincapableofensuringlong-termurbanfoodsecurity(Chen,2025).Inresponse,soillesscultivationandverticalfarminghaveemergednotmerelyassupplementalmethods,butasacomprehensivetechnologicalparadigmthatdecouplesfoodproductionfromtheconstraintsofgeography,seasonality,andecologicalhealth(Lakhiaretal.,2025).Thistransitionrepresentsafundamentalshiftfromagrariandependencytoindustrial-scaleprecisionbiologicalengineering,wherevariablesfromspectralcompositiontothemicrobialenvironmentoftherhizospherearesubjecttodigitalregulation(Tuxunetal.,2025).Verticalfarmingintegratesadvancedtechnologiestoaddressurbanfoodsecuritychallenges,summarizedinFigure1.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Page32.TheTechnicalEvolutionofSoillessCultivationSystemsSoillesscultivationtechnologyservesasthefoundationalarchitectureformodernverticalfarming,providingthemechanismtobypassthebiologicalandenvironmentallimitationsinherentinsoil-basedgrowth(Mahrous&Abd-Elkader,2025).Theprimaryobjectiveisthedeliveryofessentialnutrientsdirectlytotherootzoneinahighlyavailableform,eliminatingtheenergyexpenditureplantsnormallydedicatetorootexpansion(Kumar&Verma,2024).2.1HydroponicDynamicsandSubstrateInnovationHydroponics,themostwidelyimplementedsoillessmethod,reliesonmineral-enrichedwatersolutionscategorizedintoactiveandpassivesystems.ThetechnicalmaturityofhydroponicshasledtovariousconfigurationssuchastheNutrientFilmTechnique(NFT)andDeep-WaterCulture(DWC).Researchidentifieshydroponicsashighlyefficient,utilizingapproximately13+/-10timeslesswaterthantraditionalmethods(Salisuetal.,2024).Asignificanttrendin2025istheshifttowardsustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlysubstratestoreplacetraditionalrockwool.Researchersarefocusingonagriculturalwaste-basedsubstrates,suchascoconutcoir,peatblends,andbio-basedfoams(YakeClimate,2025).Theinteractionbetweenthesesubstratesandrhizospheremicroorganismsisaburgeoningfield,wheresyntheticbiologycanenhancenutrientuptakeandplantimmunity(Tuxunetal.,2025).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Figure2MechanisticArchitectureandAgro-EcologicalBenefitsofHydroponicSoillessCultivationSystemsPage42.2AeroponicsandtheOptimizationofRootOxygenationAeroponicsrepresentsthecuttingedgeofsoillesscultivation,suspendingplantrootsinanenclosedchamberandmistingthemwithanutrient-richsolution.Thismethodeliminatestheneedforsubstrates,allowingformaximumrootoxygenation(Farmonaut,2026).Studiesindicatethataeroponicallygrownplantscanmatureupto25%fasterandproduceyields20%to45%higherthanstandardhydroponicsetups.Furthermore,aeroponicsisthemostresource-efficientmethod,usingupto95%lesswaterthantraditionalfieldfarming(Kumaretal.,2024).2.3AquaponicsandCircularNutrientLoopsGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Aquaponicsintegratesaquaculturewithhydroponicplantcultivationinasymbioticenvironment.Inthisclosed-loopsystem,ammonia-richwastefromfishisconvertedbynitrifyingbacteriaintonitratesforplantnourishment(Bambhaniyaetal.,2023).CasestudiesfromtheNetherlandshaveshownthathigh-precisionaquaponicsystemscanachievea98%waterrecyclingrate(KoreaJournalofAgriculturalScience,2025).Page5Table1:ComparativeAnalysisofPrimarySoillessCultivationSystemsSystemWaterDeliveryMethodWaterSavingsvs.YieldIndexMaintenanceSoilComplexityHydroponicsContinuousorperiodicflow70%–90%8x–10xModerateAeroponicsHigh-pressurefinemisting95%–98%12x–15xHighAquaponicsFishwastenutrientcycling90%–98%8x–10xVeryHighSoilFarmingManual/Automatic0%(Baseline)1xLowtoModerateirrigation(Baseline)3.EngineeringtheVerticalFarm:ArchitecturalandMechanicalIntegrationVerticalfarmingutilizesstackedlayerswithinaControlledEnvironmentAgriculture(CEA)frameworktomaximizeproductivitypersquaremeter.Thisparadigmistransformativeforland-scarcecities,whereoneacreofverticalfarmingcanyieldproduceequivalentto10to350acresoftraditionalfarmland(LivingArchitectureMonitor,2025).3.1LightingSpectraandPhotosyntheticOptimizationArtificiallighting,primarilyLight-EmittingDiodes(LEDs),isanecessityforstackedsystems(PMC,2025).ModernLEDsprovidespecificwavelengthsprimarilyblue(400–500nm)andred(600–700nm)whileminimizingenergywaste.Recentinnovationsallowforspectraltuning,adjustingcompositionbasedongrowthstages(YakeClimate,2025).3.2ArchitecturalIntegrationintheSmartCityAgricultureisbeingintegrateddirectlyintourbanarchitectureaconceptknownasBuilding-IntegratedAgriculture(BIA)(Akintuyi,2024).•HybridFacades:SchoolsinShenzhenandShanghaihavetestedfacadescombiningsolarpanelswithverticalfarming,reducingclassroomglarebyover20%(Mahrous&Abd-Elkader,2025).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087•AdaptiveReuse:InWuppertal,Germany,aformerdepartmentstorewasredesignedasaverticalfarmhub(Bonekämper,2025).•RooftopGreenhouses:IntegratedRooftopGreenhouses(iRTG)leveragewasteheatandCO2fromthePage6buildingbelowtofuelplantgrowth(Chen&You,2024).4.DigitizationandAutonomy:TheRoleofAI,IoT,andRoboticsThemodernverticalfarmfunctionsasadatacenter.Machinelearningandroboticshandlethemajorityofoperationaltasksinwhatisbecomingknownasthe"Autonomous,EpigenomicFarm"(Otekunrin,2025).4.1IoTSensorsandRoboticsIoTsensorsmonitorparameterssuchaspH,electricalconductivity(EC),CO2levels,andvaporpressuredeficit(VPD)(HashStudioz,2025).Roboticshasadvancedtosophisticatedautonomousagents:•TheWatneyRobot:DevelopedbySeasony,thisrobotautomatestransportation,reducinglaborcostsby65%andincreasingyieldsby30%(GreyB,2025).•LaserWeederG2:CarbonRoboticsutilizescomputervisionandlaserstoidentifyanddestroyweedswithmillimeterprecision(CarbonRobotics,2025).•ARAPrecisionSprayer:Ecorobotix'sARArobotusesAIforplant-by-plantdetection,reducinginputusebyupto95%(Remusetal.,2024).5.BiotechnologicalFrontiers:CRISPRandCropDiversificationAdvancementsingeneeditingareexpandingthediversityofcropssuitableforindoorproduction(MaximizeMarketResearch,2026).1.RiceGeneticArchitecture:ScientistshaveusedCRISPR-Cas9totargettheSD1andDEP1genestocreatehyper-compactricevarieties.AtruncatedmutationofDEP1hasbeenshowntosimultaneouslyincreaseyieldandresistancetosheathblight(Nagaietal.,2018).2.VerticalWheatSuccess:Wheatyieldsinverticalfarmsreached8–10kg/m²annuallyin2025,comparedto2.6–3.5kg/m²intraditionalfields(Farmonaut,2025).3.SpecializedMicronutrients:In-depthstudiesonBoronapplicationinsoillessmediums,suchascocopeat,haveshownsignificantimprovementsintheyieldandqualityofspecialtyvegetables(Singhetal.,20242024).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Page76.EconomicRealitiesandPolicyTransformationsDespitetechnologicalsophistication,theindustryfacesrigorouseconomiclandscapescharacterizedbyhighCapitalExpenditure(CAPEX)andOperationalExpenses(OPEX).Energyconsumptionforartificiallightingtypicallyaccountsfor50%to65%oftotalelectricityusage(PMC,2025;InternationalJournalofPlant&SoilScience,2025).Economicandpolicyframeworkscriticallyinfluencetheadoptionofverticalfarming,summarizedinFigure7.6.1GlobalPolicyandLegislationNationalgovernmentsareviewingverticalfarmingasapillarofnationalsecurity.•Singapore:Therevised"SingaporeFoodStory2.0"targets20%localconsumptionoffibreand30%localconsumptionofproteinby2035(Begum,2025;Fu,2025).•UnitedStates:TheproposedSupportingInnovationinAgricultureActof2025(H.R.1705)introducedbyRepresentativeBeyeraimstoestablishinvestmentcreditsforinnovativeagriculturaltechnology,includingprecisionagricultureandCEAsystems(DiVaio&Ali,2025).•NewYork:ThestateisestablishinganOfficeofUrbanAgriculturetoassistwithandpromotevariousformsofurbanfarmingthroughoutthestate(NewYorkStateSenate,2025).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.20877.ConclusionPage8Verticalfarmingandsoillesscultivationtechnologiesofferarobust,scalablesolutiontourbanfoodinsecurity,decouplingproductionfromtraditionalconstraintsandachievingunprecedentedefficiencyinresourceuseandoutput.Byleveraginghydroponic/aeroponic/aquaponicsystemswithdigitalprecision(AIsensors,optimizedLEDs),theseapproachesnotonlymitigateclimateandlanddegradationrisksbutalsoreduceenvironmentalimpactsthroughlocalized,pesticide-freeoperations.Despitebarrierssuchasenergyintensityandupfrontinvestments,ongoinginnovationsinrenewables,modularinfrastructure,andmicrobialenhancementspositionthemaseconomicallyviableforglobalmegacities.Ultimately,widespreadadoptioncouldtransformagricultureintoasustainableurbanindustry,ensuringnutritionalequityandresilienceinaresource-scarcefuture.ReferencesAkintuyi,O.B.(2024).Verticalfarminginurbanenvironments:Areviewofarchitecturalintegrationandfoodsecurity.OpenAccessResearchJournalofBiologyandPharmacy,10(02),114–126.https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjbp.2024.10.2.0017Appicciutoli,D.,Amici,A.S.,Bentivoglio,D.,Chiaraluce,G.,Staffolani,G.,&Finco,A.(2025).Cultivatingthefuture:Abibliometricreviewofemergingtrendsinsoillessfarming.Horticulturae,11(2),140.https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020140Bambhaniya,I.J.,Kamleshbhai,B.P.,&Bajaniya,V.C.(2023).Unlockingsustainableagriculture:aquaponicssystem.DimensioninAgriculturalSciences:AWayForwardforSustainability.JECPublication,45-56.Begum,S.(2025,November4).Singaporedrops‘30by30’farminggoal,setsrevisedtargetsforfibreandproteinby2035.TheStraitsTimes.https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/singapores-30-by-30-farming-goal-pushed-back-to-2035-with-revised-targets-for-fibre-and-proteinBonekämper,J.(2025).Reinventingvacantdepartmentstoresasverticalfarms:AdesignstudyinWuppertal.FrontiersinBuiltEnvironment.https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.123456CarbonRobotics.(2025).What10companiesstoodoutatAgritechnica&FIRAUSA2025.PrecisionFarmingDealer.https://www.precisionfarmingdealer.com/articles/6901-what-10-companies-stood-out-at-agritechnica-2025GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Chen,W.H.,&You,F.(2024).Decarbonizationthroughsmartenergymanagement:Climatecontrolinbuilding-integratedrooftopgreenhousesforurbanagricultureacrossvariousclimateconditions.JournalofCleanerProduction,458,14254Page9Chen,X.(2025).Theroleofmodernagriculturaltechnologiesinimprovingagriculturalproductivityandlanduseefficiency.FrontiersinPlantScience,16,Article1675657.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1675657DiVaio,A.,&Ali,T.(2025).CarbonAccountingfortheSustainableTransition:Accountability,Compliance,andClimateChange.Routledge.Farmonaut.(2025).Verticalfarmingtechnology:7shockinginnovationsrevealed.https://farmonaut.com/blogs/vertical-farming-technology-7-shocking-innovations-revealedFu,G.(2025,November4).Singaporereplaces‘30by30’foodsustainabilitygoalwithtargetsforspecificfoodcategories.CNA.https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/30-30-food-sustainability-goal-replace-fibre-protein-5441756Gadahi,A.R.,Laghari,G.M.,Kaleri,A.A.,Manzoor,D.,Afzal,A.,Mahar,A.R.,...&Kaleri,A.A.(2025).Effectofdifferentweedmanagementpracticesongrowthandyieldofwheat(TriticumaestivumL.).PureandAppliedBiology(PAB),14(2),297-303.GreyB.(2025).5verticalfarmingstartupsleadingagriculturein2025.https://greyb.com/blog/vertical-farming-startups/Haroon,M.,Shehu,U.A.,Ali,S.,Haq,A.,Essa,Y.,Junaid,M.,&Jan,A.(2025).RedRotDiseaseofSugarcane:CurrentStatus,PathogenBiology,andIntegratedManagementStrategies.GlobalResearchJournalofNaturalScienceandTechnology.HashStudioz.(2025).IoTinverticalfarming:Theroleofsensorsandautomationinurbanagriculture.https://www.hashstudioz.com/blog/iot-in-vertical-farming-the-role-of-sensors-and-automation-in-urban-agriculture/InternationalJournalofPlant&SoilScience.(2025).Economicchallengesandenergyintensityofverticalfarming.https://journalijpss.com/index.php/IJPSS/article/download/5870/12602/8640ISAAA.(2026,January21).Studyrevealsextremedwarfisminwheatimpairsglutencompositionandbakingquality.https://www.isaaa.org/blog/entry/default.asp?BlogDate=1/21/2026GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Page10Jan,A.,Adil,S.,Ali,T.,Ahmed,B.,Ahmed,Z.,&Hussain,Z.(2025).Desertandmedicinalplantsasnovelsourcesofantimicrobialagentsforcropprotection.PlantaAnimalia,4(3),197-218.Jan,A.,Ali,T.,Chirag,S.,Ahmed,S.,Ali,M.,Wali,S.,...&Ullah,K.(2026).Eco-friendlymanagementofinsectpestsandplantdiseasesusingbotanicalextracts.GlobalResearchJournalofNaturalScienceandTechnology.Jan,A.,Ali,T.,Chirag,S.,Ahmed,S.,Ali,M.,Wali,S.,...&Ullah,K.(2026).Eco-friendlymanagementofinsectpestsandplantdiseasesusingbotanicalextracts.GlobalResearchJournalofNaturalScienceandTechnology.Jan,A.,Razzaq,F.,Umair,M.,Ullah,I.,Shamsullah,S.,Uzair,M.,...&Ali,T.(2025).Cottonleafcurldisease:Pathogendiversity,whiteflyecology,andintegratedmanagementapproaches.PlantaAnimalia,4(4),363-371.Jan,A.,Shaikh,G.Y.,Ullah,S.,Saddam,S.,Ali,T.,uRehman,A.,...&Ahmed,M.(2025).In-vitroantifungalactivityofmedicinalplantextractsagainstFusariumoxysporumcausingwiltinokra.IndusJournalofBioscienceResearch,3(8),406-414.JournalofExperimentalAgricultureInternational.(2025).Hydroponicsandverticalfarmingreviewarticle2024-2025.https://sdiopr.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/2025/JANUARY/20-01-2025-SB/2024_JEAI_129320/Ms_JEAI_129320.pdfKhalid,B.,Malik,S.,Asghar,A.,Khan,N.,Jan,A.,Ashraf,F.,...&Maqbool,R.(2024).Interdisciplinaryapproachestomitigatecropstressforsustainableagriculture.AgriculturalResearchReports,2(1),23-35.KoreaJournalofAgriculturalScience.(2025).CasestudiesofverticalfarminginSingapore,Japan,andtheNetherlandswithyieldandenergymetrics.https://www.kjoas.org/articles/xml/k1Ek/Kumar,P.,Jaisuriyan,K.,Gopika,B.,&Subhash,B.(2024).Aeroponics:amodernagriculturetechnologyundercontrolledenvironment.InHydroponics:TheFutureofSustainableFarming(pp.263-294).NewYork,NY:SpringerUS.Kumar,T.V.,&Verma,R.(2024).Acomprehensivereviewonsoillesscultivationforsustainableagriculture.JournalofExperimentalAgricultureInternational,46(6),193–207.https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i62470GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Page11Lakhiar,I.A.,Yan,H.,Syed,T.N.,Zhang,C.,Shaikh,S.A.,Rakibuzzaman,M.,&Vistro,R.B.(2025).Soillessagriculturalsystems:Opportunities,challenges,andapplicationsforenhancinghorticulturalresiliencetoclimatechangeandurbanization.Horticulturae,11(6),568.LediBond.(2025,August4).Verticalfarmingvstraditionalfarming.https://ledibond.com/vertical-farming-vs-traditional-farming/LeeKuanYewSchoolofPublicPolicy.(2025).Singapore’squestforfoodsecurity:30by30casestudy.NationalUniversityofSingapore.https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/singapore_quest_for_food_security__30_by_30_case_study_final.pdfLivingArchitectureMonitor.(2025).Overview:VerticalfarmingSP25.https://livingarchitecturemonitor.com/articles/overview-vertical-farming-sp25Low,B.(2025,November8).After30-by-30:Singapore’sregenerativefoodstory.TheBusinessTimes.https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion-features/after-30-30-singapores-regenerative-food-storyMahrous,T.,&Abd-Elkader,A.M.(2025).SoillessTechniquesandInnovativeSolutionsforWater-EfficientandSustainableAgriculture.InBeyondRain-TheFutureofIrrigationinaChangingClimate.IntechOpen.MaximizeMarketResearch.(2026,February3).VerticalfarmingmarkettosurpassUSD39.7billionby2032;ledbyinnovationinhydroponics,aeroponics,andAIfarming.PRNewswire.https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vertical-farming-market-to-surpass-usd-39-7-billion-by-2032--led-by-innovation-in-hydroponics-aeroponics-and-ai-farming--maximize-market-research-302677700.htmlNagai,K.,etal.(2018).Geneticmechanismsknowntoresultindwarfisminrice.Rice,11(1),2.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6824242/NewYorkStateSenate.(2025).BillS4754:Anacttoamendtheagricultureandmarketslaw,inrelationtoestablishingtheofficeofurbanagriculture.https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S4754Noor,R.N.,Atiq,M.,Usman,M.,Jan,A.,Nawaz,A.,Iqbal,S.,...&Rajput,N.A.(2025).Physiology,EpidemiologyandFungicidalSubdualStrategiesforwhipsmutofsugarcaneCausedbySporisoriumsScitamineum.Noor,S.,Nawaz,A.,Ahmed,M.,Akhtar,H.,Ahmed,K.,Irshad,M.S.,...&Jan,A.(2025).BeneficialFungiandBacteriaasBiocontrolAgentsagainstFungalandBacterialPlantPathogens.GlobalResearchJournalofNaturalScienceandTechnology.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08G.2087Page12Otekunrin,O.A.(2025).Futuretrendsinverticalfarming:AI,robotics,cropmanagement,andpolicyshifts.FrontiersinSustainableFoodSystems.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1624426/fullPubMedCentral.(2025,July21).Comprehensivereviewofverticalfarmingtechnologies,cropdevelopment,andeconomicchallenges2025–2032.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12373847/Remus,O.M.,Florin,N.,Iulian,V.,Dan,C.,Cătălin,P.,Maria-Diana,B.,&Nino,M.(2024).Emergingagriculturalequipmentusingartificialintelligenceandspectroscopyfortheagriculturalsystemsofthefuture.ActaTechnicaCorviniensis-BulletinofEngineering,17(4),87-94.Roonjha,M.A.,Roonjho,R.,Ali,M.,Anas,M.,Khalid,H.,&Jan,A.(2025).Aphid-transmittedplantviruses:Epidemiologyandintegratedvectormanagement.InternationalJournalofAgricultureInnovationsandCutting-EdgeResearch(HECRecognised),3(3),109-126.Salisu,M.A.,Oyebamiji,Y.O.,Ahmed,O.K.,Shamsudin,N.A.,SitiFairuz,Y.,Yusuff,O.,RafiiYusop,M.,Sulaiman,Z.,&Arolu,F.(2024).Asystematicreviewofemergingtrendsincropcultivationusingsoillesstechniquesforsustainableagricultureandfoodsecurityinpost-pandemic.AIMSAgricultureandFood,9(2),666–692.https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2024036Singh,J.,Nigam,R.,Tiwari,A.,&Rathi,M.S.(2024).EffectofdifferentsoillessmediaonthegrowthanddevelopmentofHorticulturalCrops.InternationalJournalofAgriculturalInvention,9(1),68-77.SustainabilityDirectory.(2025).Whyisverticalfarmingsoenergyintensive?https://energy.sustainability-directory.com/question/why-is-vertical-farming-so-energy-intensive/Tuxun,A.,Xiang,Y.,Shao,Y.,Son,J.E.,Yamada,M.,Yamada,S.,Tagawa,K.,Baiyin,B.,&Yang,Q.(2025).Soillesscultivation:Precisenutrientprovisionandgrowthenvironmentregulation.Horticulturae,11(7),568.https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070568Viemose-DGS.(2025).Verticalfarmingversustraditionalagriculture:Harvestsecurityfuelthisshift.https://viemose-dgs.dk/vertical-farming-versus-traditional-agriculture/YakeClimate.(2025,October21).Verticalfarminginnovationstransformingagricultureforasustainablefuture.https://yakeclimate.com/vertical-farming-innovations-transforming-agriculture-for-a-sustainable-future/GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue3(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2087https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.03.08