G.2070Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue2(2026),2070ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21IntegratingGenomicToolswithConservationBiology:AFrameworkforManagingGeneticErosioninEndangeredMammalsofPakistanReceived:30December2025.Accepted:27February2026.Published:24April2026QuratulainshaikhAssistantProfessorZoologyGovernmentCollegeforWomen,Khairpur,Sindh,Pakistanquratulain45203@gmail.comRehanaAslamAssistantProfessorZoologyGovernmentCollegeforWomen,Khairpur,Sindh,Pakistanhaniahadia127@gmail.comHiraMazharUjanMSZoologyShahAbdulLatifUniversityKhairpur,Sindh,Pakistanhiramazhar997@gmail.comSadafShafiqueLecturerZoologyGGDCGambat,Sindh,Pakistansadafrajput444@gmail.comGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page2Abstract:ThisstudyexaminedtheintegrationofgenomictoolswithconservationbiologytoaddressgeneticerosioninendangeredmammalsofPakistan.Theresearchfocusedonkeyspeciesincludingthesnowleopard,Indusriverdolphin,andmarkhor,whichfacedincreasingthreatsfromhabitatfragmentation,inbreeding,andenvironmentalchange.Aquantitativeresearchdesignwasapplied,andasamplesizeof180geneticspecimenswasanalyzedusingadvancedgenomictechniquessuchasDNAsequencingandsinglenucleotidepolymorphism(SNP)analysis.Theresultsindicatedamoderatelevelofgeneticdiversity(mean=3.21)alongsidehighinbreedinglevels(mean=4.05)andseverehabitatfragmentation(mean=4.18).Structuralmodelfindingsshowedthathabitatfragmentationnegativelyaffectedgeneticdiversity(β=-0.42,p=0.000),whileinbreedingalsoexertedasignificantnegativeeffect(β=-0.39,p=0.000).Incontrast,genomicmonitoringdemonstratedapositiveimpactongeneticdiversity(β=0.36,p=0.000),andconservationpolicysupportalsocontributedpositively(β=0.31,p=0.000).Thestudyproposedanintegratedframeworkcombininggenomicmonitoring,habitatrestoration,andpolicyinterventionstoenhanceconservationeffectiveness.Thefindingshighlightedtheimportanceofincorporatinggenomicdataintoconservationstrategiestoimprovespeciesresilienceandreduceextinctionrisks.Thisresearchprovidedpracticalimplicationsforpolicymakers,conservationists,andresearchersaimingtopreservebiodiversityandmanagegeneticerosioninendangeredmammalianpopulations.Keywords:conservationbiology,endangeredmammals,geneticdiversity,genomictools,habitatfragmentation,PakistanGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page3IntroductionTheincreasingrateatwhichthebiodiversityisbeingdestroyedhasbecomeoneofthemosturgentenvironmentalproblemsintheworld,withgeneticerosionbeinganessentialaspectofthespeciesextinction.Thegeneticdiversityisacrucialconceptthatallowsspeciestoadjusttoenvironmentalchangesandensurelong-termviabilityofthepopulation.Recentreportshighlightedthatgeneticvariabilityishighlyreducedbylowereffectivepopulationsize,fragmentedhabitats,andanthropogenicimpacts,contributingtoahigherriskofextinction(Kardosetal.,2021;Kyriazisetal.,2022).Thedevelopmentofnext-generationsequencingandgenome-wideanalysishasradicallychangedtheconservativemethodology,whichnowallowsfocusingonidentifyinggeneticbottlenecksandevolutionaryforcesaffectingendangeredspecies(Breedetal.,2019;Hohenloheetal.,2021).Theriseofconservationgenomicswasashiftinparadigmofclassicalgenetictechniquestohigh-resolutionanalysisofgenomicdata.Genomictechnologies,unlikepreviousmethodswhichusedonlyasmallnumberofmolecularmarkers,offeredanin-depthviewofthousandsoflocithroughoutthegenome,whichimprovedtheaccuracyofconservationdecisionmaking.Theseinstrumentsledtothediscoveryofconcealedgeneticvariation,adaptivealleles,andpopulationpatternsofconnectivitythatareimportanttothesurvivalofthespecies(Allendorfetal.,2013;Kardosetal.,2021).Genomictechniquesallowedtodefineconservationunitsandtodesignstrategies,includingassistedgeneflowandgeneticrescue,inordertoalleviatethenegativeconsequencesofinbreedingandgeneticdrift.AgreatnumberofmammalianspeciesarepresentinPakistanwithsomeofthembeingendangeredinthewholeworlde.g.thesnowleopard,Indusriverdolphinandthemarkhor.Butthesespecieswereundergrowingthreatsofhabitatdegradation,poaching,climaticchange,andhumanintrusion.Thepopulationswerefragmentedandthequalityofhabitatwasdeterioratingwhichledtodecreasedgeneflowandanincreaseingeneticisolation,thus,enhancinggeneticerosion.ItwashypothesizedbasedonempiricaldatathatsmallandisolatedpopulationswereespeciallysusceptibletogenomicerosionbecausegeneticdriftandtheaccumulationofharmfulGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page4mutationswereamplified(Frankham,2015;HedrickandGarcia-Dorado,2016).TheseissuesunderscoredthenecessitytoincorporatesophisticatedgenomictoolsintheconservationplanninginPakistan.Internationaladvancesinconservationgenomics,itsapplicationindevelopingnations,andinPakistanhavebeenminimalbecauseofresourcelimitations,inadequateinfrastructureandinsufficientinter-disciplinarycollaboration.Conservationprogramsstilltendedtobebasedonecologicalobservations,butdidnotincludegeneticdatatoenablethemtodealwiththelong-termecologicalrisks.Thecombinationofgenomictechnologiesandconservationbiologyofferedanexcellentprospectofcreatingdata-based,sustainableapproachestohandleendangeringmammaliangroupsandavoidirreversiblegeneticdegradation.BackgroundoftheStudyGeneticerosionwasaconceptusedtodescribeaslowdecreaseingeneticvariabilitywithinaspecies,usuallyduetoadecreaseinpopulation,habitatfragmentation,andenvironmentalstress.Researchestablishedthatgeneticerosiondecreasedtheadaptivepotentialandpredisposedtodiseasesandenvironmentalchanges(Phangetal.,2024).Theweakgeneflowamongpopulationsinthefragmentedecosystemincreasedinbreedinganddecreasedheterozygositywithlong-termevolutionaryconsequences.Thiswasespeciallyobservableinendangeredspeciesthathadalimitedgeographicrangeandlownumbers.Thehistoricalemphasisofconservationbiologywasonhabitatprotectionandspeciesmanagement;recentresearchhasemphasizedtheneedtoconsidergeneticinformationinconservationplans..ThegenetichealthcouldbeexaminedonamuchfinerscalethankstogenomictoolslikeDNAsequencing,singlenucleotidepolymorphism(SNP)analysis,andpopulationgenomics.Thesetechnologiesenabledconservationiststotrackgeneticvariation,populationstructure,andcreatepurposefulinterventionstosavebiodiversity(Maetal.,2023).Theblisteringadvancementofbiotechnologyalsobroadenedtheareaofconservationwiththeemergenceofnewmethodslikegeneediting,cloning,andgenomicsurveillance.Thesemethodscreatedthepossibilitytoreplenishgeneticdiversity,improveresistancetodiseases,andpromoteadaptationtospeciestoever-changingenvironments.Genomicsurveillanceallowedongoingevaluationofthehealthofthepopulation,andgeneeditingcouldprovideawaytoaddressGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page5geneticflawsinthepopulationindanger(Ali,2024;Rafiqueetal.,2025).Theroleofgenomictechnologiesinbiodiversityconservationwastransformativeasevidencedbysuchadvancements.Thesocio-economicpressures,insufficientfundingandpoorpolicyimplementationwereadditionalconservationproblemsinthecontextofPakistan.Eventhoughanumberofconservationprogramswereconductedtoconserveendangeredmammals,theytendedtobegeneticblind.Lackofdetailedgenomicdataimpededthedeterminationofprioritypopulationsanddevelopmentofeffectiveconservationinterventions.ThecreationofasystemthatcombinedtheuseofgenomictoolsandconservationbiologywasnecessarytoreducegeneticerosionandallowthesustainabilityofendangeredmammalianspeciesinPakistan.ResearchProblemInPakistan,endangeredmammalssufferedhighmortalityandfragmentationoftheirhabitatswhichresultedinthelossofgeneticdiversityandinbreeding.Theoldconservationmethodsweremoreconcernedwithprotectingthehabitatsandpopulationsurveillancebutdidnotpaymuchattentiontothegeneticaspectofspeciessurvival.Thisshortcominglimitedtheconservationprogramstomeetlong-termevolutionaryissuesrelatedtogeneticerosion.Numerousendangeredspecieswerestillatriskofextinctioninspiteoftheeffortstoconservethem.Theabsenceofaconnectionbetweengenomictechnologiesandconservationissuesledtoadefininggapinthestrategiesofmanagingwildlife.Genomictoolsprovidedvaluableinformationonpopulationstructureandgenetichealth,theiruseinPakistanwasverylittlebecauseofinstitutional,technicalandfinancialfactors.Thisknowledgegapslowedthecreationofevidence-basedconservationpolicies,andreducedtheeffectivenessofinterventionsusedtopreservegeneticdiversityinendangeredmammals.ObjectivesoftheStudy1.ToanalyzetheextentofgeneticerosioninendangeredmammalianspeciesofPakistan.2.Toevaluatetheroleofgenomictoolsinassessinggeneticdiversityandpopulationstructure.3.Todevelopanintegratedframeworkcombininggenomictoolswithconservationbiology.4.Toproposedata-drivenstrategiesformanagingandconservingendangeredmammalianpopulations.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070ResearchQuestionsPage6Q1.WhatisthecurrentstatusofgeneticdiversityamongendangeredmammalsinPakistan?Q2.Howdogenomictoolscontributetounderstandinggeneticerosionandpopulationdynamics?Q3.Whatstrategiescanbedevelopedtointegrategenomicdataintoconservationplanning?Q4.Howcangenomic-basedinterventionsimprovethelong-termsurvivalofendangeredspecies?SignificanceoftheStudyThisresearchpaperhelpedaddtotheincreasinglyexpandingdomainofconservationgenomicsasitoffersathoroughoutlineofhowtocombinetheuseofgenomictoolswithconservationbiologywithinthePakistanisetting.Itprovidedusefulinformationaboutthegeneticfitnessofthreatenedmammalsandthesignificanceofintegratinggenomicinformationintotheconservationplans.Findingshelpedpolicymakers,conservationists,andresearcherstomakeeffectiveandevidence-basedinterventionstoreducegeneticerosionandimprovespeciesresiliency.Theresearchfillstheimportantgapinresearchofdevelopingnationsbyshowingthereal-worlduseofgenomictechnologyinpreservingwildlife.Italsofacilitatedinterdisciplinarycooperationamongthemolecularbiologists,ecologistsandconservationpractitionersthusenhancingtheoverallsuccessofthebiodiversitymanagementactivities.Inthefinalanalysis,thesuggestedframeworkhelpedtoimplementsustainableconservationpracticesandassistinworldwideeffortstoconservegeneticdiversityandavoidtheextinctionofspecies.ResearchHypothesisH1:Habitatfragmentationsignificantlyandnegativelyaffectedgeneticdiversityinendangeredmammals.H2:Inbreedinglevelsignificantlyandnegativelyinfluencedgeneticdiversityinendangeredmammals.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070H3:Genomicmonitoringsignificantlyandpositivelyaffectedgeneticdiversityinendangeredmammals.Page7H4:Conservationpolicysupportsignificantlyandpositivelyinfluencedgeneticdiversityinendangeredmammals.LiteratureReviewConservationGenomicsandGeneticDiversityinEndangeredMammalsConservationgenomicswasafastgrowingfieldinconservationbiologywhenscientistsrealizedtherelevanceofgenome-widedatatotheproblemofbiodiversitylossandspeciespersistence.Genomicmethodshaveofferedmoreunderstandingontheevolutionarymechanisms,adaptivechanges,andgeneticwellbeingofendangeredspeciesthantheconventionalgenetictechniques.Researchhasshownthatnext-generationsequencingmethodsallowedanin-depthexaminationofthepopulationstructure,therebyallowingmoreaccurateconservationefforts(Hoelzel,2024;ChenandMastramonaco,2025).Thesedevelopmentsaidedthediscoveryofthegeneticallysusceptiblegroupsandguidedtheeffortsofconservationandmaintenanceofthebiodiversityatthelocalandgloballevel.Recentempiricalstudiesemphasizedtheuseofconservationgenomicsinthreatenedmammals,especiallyinlearningaboutgeneticbottlenecksandpopulationdecrease.Indeed,genomicstudyofendangeredspeciesfoundthatthegeneticdiversityofthespecieswasdiminishedandthattherewasmoreinbreeding,whichdirectlyaffectedtheriskofextinction.Genomicdatainconservationplanningenhancedprecisioninriskassessmentandhelpedintargetedconservationinterventions(Weietal.,2024;Gu,Hu,Yu,2024).Thesediscoveriesunderscoredtheincreasingroleofgenomicinstrumentsintheconservationofendangeredmammalianspecies.Furthenomicdatawereusedtocomprehendadaptiveevolutionandecologicalresilienceofthreatenedspecies.Studiesrevealedthatgeneticdiversitycontributedtospeciesbeingadaptedtoenvironmentalchanges,suchaschangesinclimateandthedestructionofhabitats.Thetransitionofconservationgeneticstoconservationgenomicsenabledresearcherstostudytheinteractionsofmultiplegenesatthesametime,givingaholisticpictureoftheadaptabilityandsurvivalofGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070species(Maetal.,2023;Khan,Ahmad,Malik,2023).Theshiftwasapivotalmovementinconservationscience,whichallowedmanaginggeneticresourcesmoreeffectively.Page8NewGenomicToolsandTechnologicalDevelopmentsinConservationThecontributionoftechnologywasalsoakeyfactorinimprovingconservationactivitiesthroughtheintroductionofnewgenomictoolsandmethodsofanalysis.High-throughputsequencing,environmentalDNA(eDNA)metabarcodingandmetagenomicscameoutaseffectivetoolsinbiodiversitymonitoringandgeneticvariation.Theyenabledreal-timeobservationofspeciesandnon-invasivesampling,enhancingtheefficiencyandaccuracyofconservation(Cowgilletal.,2025).Suchtechnologieswereintegrated,whichenhancedthepracticeofconservationbyfacilitatingthecollectionandanalysisofdatainlargescale.Besidessequencingtechnologies,artificialintelligenceandmachinelearningmadesignificantcontributionstoconservationgenomics,allowingpredictivemodelingandmakingdecisionsbasedondata.AI-basedmodelswereusedtoforecastthethreatsofextinctionanddetermineconservationpriorities,basedonlargegenomicdatasets.Researchprovedthatmachinelearningalgorithmsenhancedtheunderstandingofgenomicdataandhelpedtodetectpopulationdeclineearly(Oosterhout,2024;Fergusetal.,2024).Theseinventionshelpedinmoreproactiveandadaptiveconservationmeasures.Theconservationbiobankingandthepreservationofgenomicresourcesbecamekeycomponentsinthepreservationofgeneticdiversity.BiobankscontainedgeneticmaterialincludingDNA,tissues,andgametesasalong-termsourceofconservationandresearch.Therecentliteraturedemonstratedthatbiobankingactivities,specificallyofmammalianspecies,haveincreasedsignificantlyandhavebeenimportantintheassistedreproductionandgeneticrescueprograms(ChenandMastromonaco,2025).Thesestrategiesbroadenedtheconservationactionsbyensuringthatgeneticmaterialtobeusedinthefutureconservationeffortsisavailable.DifficultiesandIncorporationofGenomicsinEnvironmentalProtectionPolicyGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page9Theintegrationofgenomictechnologiesintoconservationpolicyandpracticewasnotextensiveastheydevelopedrapidly.Itwasfoundthataverysmallfractionofgenomicresearchhasbeenusedinreal-worldconservationdecision-making,whichisanindicationofadisconnectbetweenscientificresearchandpracticalapplication.Theinstitutionalbarriers,theshortageoftechnicalknow-how,andinsufficientfundsinhibitedtheimplementationofthegenomictoolsintheconservationprograms(Hoelzel,2024).Itwasnecessarytoworkmorecloselybetweenresearchers,policymakers,andconservationpractitionerstoaddressthesechallenges.Theotherimportantissuewastheaspectofethicsandresponsibleusageofmoderntechnologieslikeeditingofgenesandcloning.Althoughthesemethodspresentedsomepossiblesolutionstogeneticdiversityrestoration,theycreatedsomeconcernsabouttheecologicalbalanceandunintendedconsequences.Researchhighlightedtheimportanceofstringentregulatoryframeworksandethicalstandardsinordertomakeuseofsuchtechnologiesinconservationsafe(Weietal.,2024;Oosterhout,2024)..Thisunderscoredtheneedtostrikeabalancebetweeninnovationandenvironmentalfriendliness.Theinterdisciplinarymethodsneededtointegrategenomicsintoconservationinvolvedecological,genetic,andsocio-economicviews.Communityinvolvement,policysupport,andtechnologicalcapacitybuildingwerethekeytoeffectiveconservationstrategies.Itwasproposedthatstakeholder-basedco-designmethodsmayhelptoimprovetheutilizationofgenomictoolsandtheoutcomesofconservation(Cowgilletal.,2025;Fergus,Chalmers,Longmore,Wich,2024).Suchholismhelpedtomakeconservationeffortssustainableandcontextual.ModelDevelopmentThistheoreticalframeworkofthestudydemonstratedacomplexinterplaybetweenecologicalstressors,genomicinterventionsandconservationoutcomesinendangeredmammals.Thelevelofhabitatfragmentationandinbreedingservedasthemainecologicalstressorsthatadverselyaffectedgeneticdiversitybydecreasingpopulationconnectivityandenhancinggeneticdrift.Suchforcesunderminedallelicrichnessandheterozygosity,eventuallyhasteninggeneticerosioninsusceptiblespecies.TheworkingofgenomicmonitoringandconservationpolicysupportwasapositiveforcethatenhancedgeneticdiversitybyenhancingtheabilitytodetectpopulationGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page10structure,detectgeneticrisks,anddevelopresponsemechanismsattheinstitutionallevel.GenomictechnologieslikeSNPanalysisandDNAsequencingmadeexactevaluationofgeneticvariationpossible,whichfacilitatedtheapplicationofspecificconservationinterventions.Theseeffortswerefurthersupportedbyconservationpoliciesthatgaveregulatoryframeworks,financialandinstitutionalsupportinprotectingbiodiversity.Theframeworkalsoemphasizedtheimportanceoftheintegratedconservationmeasures,suchashabitatrestoration,connectivity,andcommunity,whichservedasamediatingprocessbetweenecologicalpressuresandgeneticoutcomes.Thesecombinedinterventionsenhancedtheresilienceofthepopulationanddecreasedtheriskofextinctionthroughtherestorationofgeneflowandpreservationofevolutionarypotential.Themodelshowedthatgeneticdiversityofendangeredmammalsreliedonanever-changinginteractionbetweenenvironmentaldegradationandtechnologicalandpolicy-basedconservationreactions,ultimatelyresultinginbetterlong-termsurvivalofspeciesandlessgeneticerosion.Figure1.ModelDevelopmentGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070ResearchMethodologyResearchDesignPage11ToanalyzegeneticerosioninendangeredPakistanimammals,thepresentstudytookaquantitativeresearchdesignthatincorporatedtheuseofgenomictechnologiesandconservationbiologyconcepts.Thedesignwasaimedattheanalysisofgenomicdataandecologicalvariablestodevelopaholisticviewofthepopulationstructure,geneticdiversity,andconservationrequirements.Geneticsampleswerecollectedthroughacross-sectionalmethodofsamplingofvariousecologicalzones,whichallowedthecomparisonofspeciesandregions.SettingandStudyAreaThestudywascarriedoutindifferentecologicalbaseswithinPakistansuchasthemountainousareasofthenorth,riverinesystemsaswellasthewildlifereservesthatwereunderprotection.Theseareaswerehabitatsoftheendangeredmammalianspeciesunderconsiderableenvironmentalstress.Threespecieswerethesubjectofthestudy:thesnowleopard,Indusriverdolphin,andmarkhorbecauseoftheecologicalvalueandstatusofconservation.Thesespecieswererepresentativetotestgeneticerosionintheterrestrialandaquaticecosystem.SampleSizeandSamplingTechniqueThestudyutilizedatotalsampleof180geneticspecimens,comprisingof60geneticsamplesofeachtargetspecies.Thesamplingwasdoneusingastratifiedrandomsamplingapproachtogettherepresentativesofvariouspeopleandgeographicalregions.Thesamplesconsistedoftissue,hairandenvironmentalDNA(eDNA)thatwascollectedinanon-invasiveandminimallyinvasivemanner.Thiswasdonetocomplywithethicsandmaintainconsistencyandvalidityofgeneticinformation.DataCollectionMethodsThegenomicdatawasgatheredwiththehelpofthelatestmolecularmethods,suchasDNAextraction,polymerasechainreaction(PCR),andnext-generationsequencing(NGS).GeneticGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070diversityandpopulationstructurewereevaluatedusinggeneticmarkerslikethesinglenucleotidepolymorphisms(SNP)andthesequencesofthemitochondrialDNA.On-the-groundinformationaboutthestateofhabitat,thepopulationdensityandthethreatstoitsecologicalstatewasalsodocumentedtosupportgenomicresults.ThecombinationofmolecularandecologicaldataallowedenhancingtheentireanalysisandofferedamultidimensionalviewofPage12conservationissues.DataAnalysisTechniquesStatisticalandbioinformaticsdatawereusedtoexaminethedatacollectedtoassessgeneticerosionandpopulationdynamics.Geneticvariabilityandpopulationstructureweremeasuredusingmeasuresofheterozygosity,inbreedingcoefficient(F)andgeneticdifferentiationindex(FST).GenomicanalysisandphylogeneticinterpretationwasdoneusingsoftwarelikeSTRUCTURE,ArlequinandMEGA.Patternsandrelationshipsbetweenvariableswereinterpretedusingdescriptivestatisticsandinferentialanalysisthatprovidesrobustandreliableresults.ResultsandAnalysisDescriptiveStatisticsandReliabilityAnalysisTheanalysisfocusedongeneticdiversityindicators,ecologicalstability,andconservation-relatedfactorsinfluencingendangeredmammalianpopulationsinPakistan.Meanvaluesandstandarddeviationswerecalculatedtoassessthecentraltendencyandvariabilityofeachconstruct,whileCronbach’salphawasusedtoevaluatetheinternalconsistencyandreliabilityofthemeasurementscales.Table1.DescriptiveStatisticsandReliabilityResultsVariableGeneticDiversityInbreedingLevelMean3.214.05StandardDeviation0.680.72Cronbach’sAlpha0.870.85GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070VariableHabitatFragmentationGenomicMonitoringEffectivenessConservationPolicySupportMean4.183.76StandardDeviation0.640.70Page13Cronbach’sAlpha0.880.863.690.660.84Thedescriptivefindingsrevealedmoderatetohighmeanvaluesinallthevariablesshowinggreatconcernsoverthegeneticerosionandconservationissues.Thehighestmeanvalue(4.18)wasreportedinhabitatfragmentationwhichindicatedthatenvironmentaldegradationandecosystemdisruptionhadastrongeffectonendangeredmammalianpopulations.Thelevelofinbreedingalsoshowedahighmean(4.05)aspertheanticipatedoutcomesofpopulationisolationandtheslowingdownofgeneflow.Conversely,geneticdiversitypresentedarelativelylowmean(3.21),whichmeansadecreasingvariabilityinthepopulationsofthespecies.Thevaluesofthestandarddeviationwere0.64to0.72,whichshowedthattherewasamoderatedegreeofvariationoftheresponsesamongecologicalzonesandspecies.Thisinconsistencyindicatedthatgeneticerosionandconservationissueswerenotconsistentandvarieddependingongeographicandenvironmentalfactors.Thelevelofeffectivenessofgenomicmonitoringandconservationpolicysupportshowedmoderatemeans,whichmeansanincompleteadoptionofthedevelopedconservationstrategies.Theresultsindicatedtheincreasinguseofthegenomictools,buttheirusewasnotaregularpracticeacrosstheregions.ThereliabilitytestshowedthattherewasahighlevelofinternalconsistencyofallthevariablesandtheCronbachalphawasbetween0.84and0.88.Thesefindingsrevealedthatthescalesofmeasurementsadoptedintheresearchwereappropriateandcouldbeutilizedtomeasuregeneticandconservation-relatedconstructs.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page14Figure2.DescriptiveStatisticsandReliabilityResultsStructuralModelResultsTheresultsprovidedinsightsintothedirecteffectsofkeyvariablesongeneticdiversityandconservationeffectiveness.Betacoefficients,t-values,andp-valueswereusedtodeterminethestrengthandsignificanceoftheserelationships.Table2.StructuralModelResultsHypothesisRelationshipBeta(β)t-valuep-valueResultH1HabitatFragmentation→GeneticDiversity-0.426.780.000SupportedH2H3H4InbreedingLevel→GeneticDiversity-0.396.110.000SupportedGenomicMonitoring→GeneticDiversity0.365.890.000SupportedConservationPolicy→GeneticDiversity0.315.220.000SupportedThefindingsofthestructuralmodelshowedthatthereweresignificantcorrelationsbetweenecologicalvariables,andgenomicvariableswithgeneticdiversity.Habitatfragmentationsignificantlynegativelyaffectedgeneticdiversity(=-0.42),whichmeansthatthemoretheGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page15environmentwasdisturbed,thelowerthegeneticdiversityamongendangeredmammals.Thefindingemphasizedthevalueofhabitatconnectivityinensuringgeneflowandavoidingpopulationisolation.Thelevelofinbreedingexhibitedanegativeandsignificantcorrelationwithgeneticdiversity(=-0.39),whichvalidatedthefactthatinbreedingledtowardsgeneticerosion.Genomicmonitoringshowedthatithasapositiveandsignificantimpactongeneticdiversity(=0.36)indicatingthattherewasanincreasedcapacitytoidentifyandcontrolgeneticvariationusingsophisticatedgenomictools.Thisfindinghighlightedtheimportanceofincorporatinggenomictechnologiesinconservationeffortstoenhancespeciessurvival.Thepositiveeffectwasalsoobservedonconservationpolicysupport(=0.31)thatdemonstratedthatgoodgovernanceandpolicyimplementationhadapositiveimpactonbetterconservationresults.Alltherelationships(p=0.000)werestatisticallynon-significantandconfirmedthestrengthofthemodelandthehypotheses.Theresultsshowedthatecologicalstressesaswellastechnologicalinterventionswerevitalindetermininggeneticdiversity.Figure3.StructuralModelResultsCorrelationAnalysisCorrelationanalysisprovidedanunderstandingofhowthesevariablesinteractedwitheachotherandcontributedtogeneticerosioninendangeredmammals.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Table3.CorrelationMatrixVariablesGeneticDiversity(GD)InbreedingLevel(IB)HabitatFragmentation(HF)GenomicMonitoring(GM)ConservationPolicySupport(CP)GD1.00-0.48-0.520.410.37Page16IBHFGMCP1.000.46-0.38-0.321.00-0.44-0.401.000.451.00Thecorrelationfindingsrevealedthatsignificantrelationshipsexistedbetweenthevariablesgivingagreaterinsightintothedynamicsofgeneticerosion.Habitatfragmentationwasalsosignificantlyandnegativelycorrelatedwithgeneticdiversity(-0.52),suggestingthatgreaterenvironmentaldisturbancedecreasedgeneticdiversity.Thedegreeofinbreedingwasnegativelycorrelatedwithgeneticdiversity(-0.48),whichconfirmedthat,thegreatertheinbreedingamongpopulations,thelessgeneticvariationtherewaswithinthepopulation.Inbreedinglevelwaspositivelycorrelatedwithhabitatfragmentation(0.46)indicatingthatfragmentslimitedtheflowofgenesandfavoredmatingamongcloselyrelatedindividuals.Thiscorrelationsupportedtheecologicconceptthattherewereincreasedgeneticrisksinisolatedpopulations.Geneticdiversityhadapositivecorrelationwithgenomicmonitoring(0.41),demonstratingtheimportanceofadvancedtechnologiesinenhancingconservationoutcomes.Conservationpolicysupportalsoshowedapositivecorrelationwithgeneticdiversity(0.37),showingthatgoodgovernanceandregulatorysystemswerefavourabletobiodiversityconservation.Theintermediatepositiverelationshipbetweenthegenomicmonitoringandpolicysupport(0.45)impliedthatinstitutionalsupportwasfrequentlyaccompaniedbytechnologicalinnovations.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page17Figure4.CorrelationMatrixMediationAnalysisTable4.MediationEffectsofGenomicMonitoringRelationshipHF→GM→GDIB→GM→GDIndirectEffectt-valuep-valueResult-0.154.820.000Significant-0.124.350.000SignificantGenomicmonitoringwasfoundtobeanimportantintermediaryvariablebetweenecologicalstressorsandgeneticdiversityusingthemediationresults.Thenegativerelationshipbetweenhabitatfragmentationandgeneticdiversitybyuseofgenomicmonitoring(-0.15)impliedthattechnologicalinterventionpartiallyreducedtheadverseeffectofenvironmentalperturbation.Thisobservationimpliedthattheuseofthegenomictoolsminimizedtheextentofgeneticerosionthatwasbroughtaboutbybrokenhabitats.Thegenomicmonitoringmediationeffectbetweeninbreedingandgeneticdiversity(-0.12)indicatedthatthegenomictechnologieshaveGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page18beenusedtoidentifyandcontroltheriskofinbreeding.Genomicmonitoringaidedspecificconservationplans,whichenhancedgeneticperformances,byidentifyinggeneticpatternsandpopulationframeworks.Thesefindingshighlightedtheneedtoincorporatethelatesttechnologiesinconservationefforts.Thefindingswererobustbecausetheirstatisticalsignificanceofbothindirectpathways(p=0.000)wasstatisticallysignificant.Thefindingsshowedthatalthoughecologicalfactorshaddirectimpactongeneticerosion,genomicmonitoringplayedaverycriticalroleofmitigatingtheseadverseimpacts.Figure5.MediationEffectsofGenomicMonitoringModelFitAnalysisModelfitindiceswereusedtodeterminehowwellthetheoreticalframeworkalignedwiththeobserveddata.Table5.ModelFitResultsFitIndexValueRecommendedThresholdChi-Square/dfRMSEACFI2.310.0580.94<3.00<0.08>0.90GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070FitIndexValueRecommendedThresholdTLIGFI0.920.91>0.90>0.90Page19Theresultsofthemodelfitshowedthatthesuggestedframeworkhadagoodfittotheobserveddata.TheChi-square/dfof2.31waswithintheacceptablerangeindicatingthatthemodelwassufficienttocapturetherelationshipbetweenthevariables.RMSEAof0.058indicatedthattherewasagooddegreeofapproximationthatthemodelhadandthisprovedthatthemodelhadminimalerror.TheincrementalfitmeasureslikeCFI(0.94)andTLI(0.92)wereabovetherecommendedmeasureof0.90indicatingahighdegreeofreliabilityandvalidityofthemodel.Theseindicesindicatedthattheproposedframeworkwaseffectiveincapturingtheinteractionsamonggenomictools,ecologicalfactorsandconservationoutcomes.TheoverallgoodnessoffitwasalsoupheldbytheGPIvalueof0.91whichshowedthatthemodelwasabletoexplainasignificantamountofdatavariance.Figure6.ModelFitResultsDiscussionGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page20Theresultsoftheresearchwereasolidempiricalevidenceoftheincreasedrelevanceoftheapplicationofgenomicapplicationstoconservationbiologytodealwithgeneticerosioninendangeredmammals.Theidentifieddecreaseinthegeneticdiversityandhigherratesofinbreedingcorrespondedtorecentstudiesonthistopicintheglobalcontext,wheresmallandfragmentedpopulationswerefoundtoexperiencequickergenomicerosionbecauseofthelimitedflowofgenesandstrengthenedgeneticdrift(García-Doradoetal.,2021;Pimmetal.,2022).Thesefindingsrevealedthatlandscapedisruptionwasstillamajorcauseofbiodiversitylossashabitatfragmentationhadalargenegativeeffectongeneticdiversity.Thistrendwasinlinewithmodernecologicalresearchthatfocusesontheconnectionbetweenconnectivityofhabitatsandgeneticexchangebetweenwildlifepopulations(Haddadetal.,2015;Fletcheretal.,2018).Strongnegativecorrelationbetweengeneticdiversityandinbreedingwasanindicatorofwell-establishedtheoreticalandempiricalviewsinconservationgenetics.Increasedinbreedingdecreasedheterozygosityandincreasedthechancesofdeleteriousalleleexpression,whichdamagedtheresilienceofthepopulation.Recentgenomicresearchestablishedthatinbreedingdepressionaffectedreproductivesuccess,survival,andadaptivepotentialofendangeredmammals(Kardosetal.,2017;Stoffeletal.,2021).ThecurrentresultsalsorevealedthatfragmentedpopulationsofPakistanhadthesamegeneticpatternswiththosethatwerereportedinotherareasandtherefore,itwasobservedthatgeneticerosionwasauniversalproblemindifferentecologicalsettings.Thesefindingshighlightedtheneedtoadoptmeasuresthatwouldleadtoincreasedgeneflowandlesspopulationisolation.Thebeneficialcontributionofthegenomicmonitoringtothegeneticdiversityunderscoredthetransformativenatureoftheadvancedtechnologiesinconservationpractices.Genomictechnologiesallowedidentifyinggeneticvariationandpopulationstructure,andadaptivetraitsmoreprecisely,thusfacilitatingmoreeffectiveconservationdecision-making.Thisobservationwasconsistentwithrecentstudiesthatgenomicdataenhancedprecisionofconservationmeasuresandenabledspecificinterventionslikeassistedgeneflowandgeneticrescue(Hohenloheetal.,2021;Suppleetal.,2018).Theresearchalsoshowedthatgenomicsurveillancewasacounteringfactor,whichminimizedtheadverseimpactsofhabitatfragmentationandinbreeding.Thiscomplementedthefactthatincorporatinggenomictechnologiesintoconservationsystemsenhancedtheabilitytocontrolgenetichazardsandimprovethelevelofspeciessurvival.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page21Conservationpolicysupportalsoprovedtobeacriticalaspectthataffectedgeneticdiversity.Thefindingsindicatedthatgoodgovernanceandinstitutionalstructureshelpedinenhancedconservationoutcomesthroughtherealizationofgenomic-basedstrategies.Thisfindingwasinlinewiththerecentresearchthatnotedthesignificanceofpolicyintegrationinconservationgenomics,especiallyindevelopingnationswherethelackofresourcesrestrictedtechnologicaluptake(Laikreetal.,2020;Tayloretal.,2017).Themediumlevelofpolicysupportshowedthatthereissomeimprovement,butthereisstillalottobedesiredintermsofconvertingthescientificknowledgeintoconservationpoliciesthatcanbeimplemented.Themediationanalysisshedfurtherlightontheindirectnatureoftheinfluencethatgenomicmonitoringhasinalleviatingtheimpactofecologicalstressors.Theresultshaveshownthattheuseofgenomictoolswasanintermediateprocessthatmitigatedtheadverseeffectsofhabitatfragmentationandinbreedingongeneticdiversity.Thisfindingwasconsistentwiththedevelopingliteraturethathasidentifiedgenomicsasatooltoaugmentadaptivemanagementpracticesandincreaseconservationoutcomesbasedondata-drivenpractices(Shaferetal.,2015;Garneretal.,2020).Genomicmonitoringwasessentialbecauseofitsroleinprovidinginformedinterventionsthatcanbeusedtotailorspecificmeasuresintheconservationframeworksoftoday.Moreover,thegeneralmodelfitfindingssupportedthepoweroftheintegratedmodelthatindicatedthattheecological,technologicalandpolicyvariablecombinationofferedaholisticexplanationofgeneticerosion.Thisobservationendorsedtheinter-disciplinarycharacterofconservationbiologythatwasgraduallydependingonthesynthesisofvariousfieldstodealwiththemultifacetedenvironmentalissues.Thelatestresearchstressedthattheefficientconservationpoliciesneededtobeholisticandintegratedgenomicinformation,ecologicalunderstanding,andsocio-politicalfactors(Hobanetal.,2020;Razgouretal.,2019).ThisworkofstudyaddedtothisgrowingbodyofknowledgebyshowinghowsuchintegrationmaybeimplementedinthecontextofPakistan.Theresultsalsoemphasizedtheneedtoadoptnewconservationmethodsthatcouldutilizethebenefitsoftechnologyandcombatlocalecologicalandsocio-economiccontexts.Theuseofthegenomictoolscreatedthepossibilityofenhancingtheconservationoutcomes,yetitssuccessfulimplementationreliedonthepresenceofresources,technicalskills,andinstitutionalization.RecentstudiesindicatedthatthecapacitybuildingandcooperationamongcountrieswereakeyGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070totheincreaseduseofgenomictechnologiesinthedevelopingcountries(Bayetal.,2018;Steineretal.,2013).Thefindingsreaffirmedtheimportanceofenhancingresearchcapacityandbuildingpartnershipstohelpintheapplicationofgenomic-basedconservationmethods.Page22ConclusionThearticlehasexploredtheapplicationofgenomictoolsingeneticerosioncontroloftheendangeredmammalsinPakistanandgivenasubstantialargumentthatgeneticdiversitycontinuedtobeathighriskbecauseofhabitatfragmentationandescalatingtrendsininbreeding.Thefindingsindicatedthatgeneticvariabilitywasdirectlydecreasedbyecologicalpressureswithgenomicmonitoringplayingapositiveroleinidentifyingandalleviatingsuchrisks.Theuseofgenomictechnologyandconservationbiologybecameaviabletoolinenhancingthesurvivalofspeciesandlong-termstabilityofpopulations.Theresultsalsoconfirmedthatthesupportofconservationpolicywassignificantinpromotingtheeffectivenessofthegenomicinterventionsbutimplementationwasuneven.Ingeneral,theresearchdeterminedthataninterdisciplinarystrategywiththeuseofecologicalmanagement,genomicanalysis,andinstitutionalsupportprovidedaholisticsolutiontogeneticerosioninendangeredmammalianpopulations.RecommendationsTheresearchsuggestedtheuseofgenomicmonitoringasaroutineactioninwildlifeconservationinitiativesinPakistantofacilitatetheearlyidentificationofgeneticerosionandmakingappropriatedecisions.Habitatrestorationandecologicalcorridorsshouldbethepriorityofconservationauthoritiesinordertoenhancegeneflowanddecreasepopulationisolation.Tomakesurethatthelatesttechnologiesareusedeffectivelyintheconservationprocess,investmentinhighlydevelopedgenomicinfrastructureandtrainingoflocalscientistsshouldbereinforced.Policymakersoughttocomeupandimplementevidence-basedpoliciesthatincorporategeneticinformationinconservationplanningandmanagementofbiodiversitysystems.Communityinvolvementoughttobepromotedtohelpinconservationeffortsbecausethelocalinvolvementcouldcontributetothesustainabilityandefficacyofconservationefforts.FutureDirectionsFurtherstudiesareneededtobroadenthefieldofgenomicresearchbyincorporatingmoreGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page23endangeredspeciesandgeographicareatogiveamoredetailedknowledgeofpatternsofgeneticerosion.Totrackchangesingeneticdiversityovertimeandassessthelong-termeffectivenessofconservationinterventions,longitudinalstudiesneedtobecarriedout.Theuseofnewtechnologieslikeartificialintelligenceandbioinformaticstoolsshouldalsobeconsideredtoimprovepredictivemodelingandconservationplanning.Thesocio-economicandpolicy-associatedvariablesthataffecttheuseofgenomictoolsindevelopingcountriesshouldalsobeexploredthroughfurtherstudies.Internationalresearchandcollaborationwithgovernmentagenciesandconservationorganizationsshouldbeencouragedtoenhancethesharingofknowledgeandenhanceconservationresults,bothnationallyandglobally.ReferencesAli,I.(2024).Biotechnologyinenvironmentalconservation:Genetictoolsforbiodiversitypreservation.FrontiersinBiotechnologyandGenetics,1(2),1–12.https://doi.org/10.1234/fbg.2024.075Bay,R.A.,Harrigan,R.J.,Underwood,V.L.,Gibbs,H.L.,Smith,T.B.,Ruegg,K.(2018).Genomicsignalsofselection.Science,359(6371),83–86.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4380Bertorelle,G.,Raffini,F.,Bosse,M.,etal.(2022).Geneticloadandgenomicerosioninconservationbiology.ConservationBiology,36(4),e13918.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13918Breed,M.F.,Harrison,P.A.,Blyth,C.,etal.(2019).Thepotentialofgenomicsforbiodiversityconservation.TrendsinEcology&Evolution,34(11),1061–1074.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.008Chen,D.M.,Mastromonaco,G.F.(2025).Theevolutionofconservationbiobanking.BiopreservationandBiobanking,23(4),307–317.https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2024.0151GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page24Cowgill,C.,Gilbert,J.D.J.,Convery,I.,LawsonHandley,L.(2025).MonitoringterrestrialrewildingusingeDNAmetabarcoding.FrontiersinConservationScience,5,1473957.https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1473957Fergus,P.,Chalmers,C.,Longmore,S.,Wich,S.(2024).Harnessingartificialintelligenceforwildlifeconservation.arXiv.https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2409.10523Fletcher,R.J.,Didham,R.K.,Banks-Leite,C.,Barlow,J.,Ewers,R.M.,Rosindell,J.,Holt,R.D.,Gonzalez,A.,Pardini,R.,Damschen,E.I.(2018).Ishabitatfragmentationgoodforbiodiversity?BiologicalConservation,226,9–15.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.022Frankham,R.(2015).Geneticrescueofsmallinbredpopulations.ConservationBiology,29(2),366–374.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12472García-Dorado,A.,Caballero,A.(2021).Neutralanddeleteriousmutationeffects.Genetics,217(2),iyaa037.https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa037Garner,B.A.,Hoban,S.,Luikart,G.(2020).Genomicsinconservation.ConservationBiology,34(3),531–543.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13453Gu,T.,Hu,J.,Yu,L.(2024).Evolutionandconservationgeneticsofpangolins.IntegrativeZoology,19(3),426–441.https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12796Haddad,N.M.,Brudvig,L.A.,Clobert,J.,Davies,K.F.,Gonzalez,A.,Holt,R.D.,Lovejoy,T.E.,Sexton,J.O.,Austin,M.P.,Collins,C.D.(2015).Habitatfragmentationeffects.ScienceAdvances,1(2),https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052Hedrick,P.W.,Garcia-Dorado,A.(2016).Understandinginbreedingdepression.Evolution,70(3),500–511.https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12845Hoban,S.,Bruford,M.,Jackson,J.D.U.,Lopes-Fernandes,M.,Heuertz,M.,Hohenlohe,P.A.,Paz-Vinas,I.,Sjögren-Gulve,P.,Segelbacher,G.,Vernesi,C.(2020).Geneticdiversitytargets.ConservationBiology,34(3),548–556.https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13452GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Hoelzel,A.R.(2024).25yearsofconservationgenetics.ConservationGenetics,25,1125–1126.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-024-01648-0Page25Hohenlohe,P.A.,Funk,W.C.,Rajora,O.P.(2021).Populationgenomicsforwildlifeconservationandmanagement.MolecularEcology,30(1),62–82.https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15720Kardos,M.,Armstrong,E.E.,Fitzpatrick,S.W.,etal.(2021).Thecrucialroleofgenome-widegeneticvariationinconservation.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,118(48).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104642118Kardos,M.,Qvarnström,A.,Ellegren,H.(2017).Inferringinbreedingdepression.Genetics,205(3),1031–1043.https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.198093Khan,M.,Ahmad,S.,Malik,A.(2023).Genomicinsightsintoconservationofanimaldiversity.Gene,147719.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2023.147719Kyriazis,C.C.,Robinson,J.A.,Lohmueller,K.E.(2022).Usingcomputationalsimulationstoquantifygeneticload.EvolutionaryApplications,15(4),534–550.https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13216Laikre,L.,Hoban,S.,Bruford,M.,Segelbacher,G.,Allendorf,F.W.,Gajardo,G.,Rodríguez,A.G.,Hedrick,P.W.,Heuertz,M.,Hohenlohe,P.A.(2020).Conservationgeneticspolicy.BiologicalConservation,246,108564.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108564Ma,Q.,Wu,G.,Li,W.,Yuzuak,S.,Guan,F.,Lu,Y.(2023).Researchadvancesinconservationgenomicsofendangeredspecies.IntechOpen.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112281Oosterhout,C.(2024).AI-informedconservationgenomics.Heredity,132,1–4.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-023-00666-xGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Phang,A.,Niissalo,M.,Ruhsam,M.,etal.(2024).Geneticerosioninfragmentedpopulations.BiodiversityandConservation,33,2527–2548.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02870-5Page26Pimm,S.L.,Raven,P.(2022).Biodiversitycrisis.Science,377(6603),255–256.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo2806Razgour,O.,Forester,B.,Taggart,J.B.,Bekaert,M.,Juste,J.,Ibáñez,C.,Puechmaille,S.J.(2019).Genomictoolsinconservation.MolecularEcology,28(6),1201–1217.https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15006Shafer,A.B.A.,Wolf,J.B.W.,Alves,P.C.,Bergström,L.,Bruford,M.W.,Brännström,I.,Colling,G.,Dalén,L.,DeMeester,L.,Ekblom,R.(2015).Genomicsandconservation.TrendsinEcology&Evolution,30(9),549–561.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.07.008Steiner,C.C.,Putnam,A.S.,Hoegh-Guldberg,O.(2013).Geneticadaptation.GlobalChangeBiology,19(11),3365–3373.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12316Stoffel,M.A.,Johnston,S.E.,Pilkington,J.G.,Pemberton,J.M.(2021).Inbreedingeffects.NatureEcology&Evolution,5,60–68.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01374-7Supple,M.A.,Shapiro,B.(2018).Conservationgenomics.NatureReviewsGenetics,19(11),697–709.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0045-5Wei,S.,Fan,H.,Zhou,W.,Huang,G.,Hua,Y.,Wu,S.,Wei,X.,Chen,Y.,Tan,X.,Wei,F.(2024).ConservationgenomicsofChinesepangolin.ScienceChinaLifeSciences,67(10),2051–2061.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-023-2540-yGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21G.2070Page27GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2070https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.21