G.2066Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue2(2026),2066ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17IdentificationofvolatileconstituentsandbiologicalactivitiesofSophoraalopecuroidesofBalochistanReceived:24December2025.Accepted:26February2026.Published:20April2026AsgharAliDepartmentofChemistryUniversityofBalochistanQuetta,PakistanSamarAliDepartmentofChemistryUniversityofBalochistanQuetta,PakistanNimraFazalDepartmentofChemistryUniversityofBalochistanQuetta,PakistanSaraZameerDepartmentofChemistryUniversityofBalochistanQuetta,PakistanShaziaSaeedDepartmentofBotanyUniversityofBalochistanQuetta,PakistanGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page2Abstract:SophoraalopecuroidesbelongstogenusSophoraandfamilyFabaceae.Itconsistsofapproximately60to70species.Thepresentresearchworkwasperformedfortheidentificationofvolatileconstituentsalongwithantibacterialandanti-inflammatoryactivitiesofSophoraalopecuroides.TheplantwascollectedfromKalat,Balochistan.Then-hexanefractionoftheplantwasevaluatedforthedeterminationofvolatilecompoundsbyusinggaschromatography-massspectrometry(GC-MS).Thefourier-transforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR)wasusedtoidentifythefunctionalgroupsofthecompounds.Themethanolicextractoftheplantwasevaluatedforanti-inflammatoryandantibacterialbyusingchemiluminescenceprotocolandagarwelldiffusionmethodrespectively.TheGC-MSanalysisshowedthepresenceof34volatilecompounds.TheFTIRspectraofmethanolicextractshowedthepresenceoffunctionalgroupssuchasalcohol,alkane,carbonylcompoundandester.TheplantextractshowedmoderateantibacterialactivityagainstgrampositiveStaphylococcusaureusandgramnegativeEscherichiacolibacterialstrains,andwithzonesofinhibitionof19mmand21mmrespectively.TheplantextractexhibitedstrongactivityIC5056.14±2.82foranti-inflammatoryactivityagainststandarddrugibuprofen.Theplantshowedthepresenceofsignificantnumberofvolatilecompoundswhichbelongstodifferentclassesofcompounds.ItisfurthersuggestedthatSophoraalopecuroidesmayfurtherbestudiedfortheisolationofnaturallyoccurringcompoundsandmorepharmacologicalactivities.Keywords:GC-MS,Antibacterialactivity,Anti-inflammatoryactivity,SophoraalopecuroidesIntroductionSophoraalopecuroidesamemberofgenusSophoraandbelongstothefamilyFabaceae.ItismedicinallyimportantplantandgrowsinKalatandQuetta,Balochistan.ItiswidelydistributedinPakistan,China,Iran,Afghanistan,TurkeyandKazakhstan(Zhaoetal.,2023).Sophoraalopecuroidesisamedicinallyimportantplant.Itisusedtotreatvariousdiseaselikedysentery,eczema,furuncle,recurrentdermatitis,infectiousdiseaseandcancerbylocalpopulation(Pervezetal.,2018).Thepreviousstudyreportedthepresenceofquinolizidinealkaloids,inparticular,matrine,oxymatrine,sophocarpineandsophoridine.Thesealkaloidshaveshownstronganti-inflammatory,antiviral,antibacterial,antifungal,anti-tumor,andinsecticidalpropertiesmakingtheplantsignificantinboththetraditionalandmodernmedicine.Matrineandoxymatrinehavesignificantanticancerpropertiesthatcausetumorcelldeath(apoptosis),tumorangiogenesis,andcancercellgrowth(Heetal.,2016).ThispresentresearchworkwasfocusedontheidentificationofvolatilecompoundsofSophoraalopecuroides.TheBalochistanprovinceisveryrichinmedicinalplantsandthelocalpopulationusesthevariousplantstotreatdifferentdiseases.Thisstudywillhelptoidentifythevolatilecompoundsandassessthebiologicalactivitiesanditcanleadtopotentialdrugdiscovery.Plantcollection:ThemedicinalplantSophoraalopecuroideswascollectedfromKalat,Balochistan.PlantIdentification:SophoraalopecuroideswasidentifiedwiththehelpofFloraofPakistanandconfirmedbyDr.ShaziaSaeed,DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofBalochistanQuetta.ThespecimenwasdepositedattheUniversityofBalochistanHerbariumwithavouchernumberUOB-000245.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page3MethodologyExtractionprocessofMedicinalplantSophoraalopecuroidesTheplant(5Kg)wasthoroughlywashedandshadedried.Afterdrying,itwasgroundintoapowder.Thematerialwassoakedin10Lofmethanolfor7daysandthisprocesswasrepeatedthreetimesatroomtemperature.ThecollectedmethanolicextractwasfilteredusingWhatmanfilterpaperandconcentratedusingarotaryevaporatorat45oC.Thecrudemethanolicextractwasthenfreezedriedat4oCtogetgummysolidextract.FractionationofCrudeMethanolicExtractThecrudemethanolicextractwassuspendedindistilledwatertogetanaqueoussolution.Itwasthenfractionatedinton-hexanefractionusingaseparatingfunnel.GCMSAnalysisThen-hexanefractionoftheSophoraalopecuroideswassubjectedtoGCMSanalysis.TheGCcolumnusing5%phenylmethylsiloxonasthestationaryphasewasusedforthispurpose.Thesamplegaseousphasewithpressureandvelocitycarriedbytheinertheliumgas.TheequipmentfittedwithaHP-5MScapillarycolumn.Heliumgaswastakenasthecarriergasataflowof1mL/min.Thetemperatureoftheovenwasprogrammedbetween60oCto280oC.ThemassspectrumwasruninEImodeat70eVwithascanrangeofm/z50-500andNISTlibrarywasusedtoidentifycompounds(Mondelloetal.,2008)FTIRAnalysisGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066FTIRwasusedforthedetectionofclassesofcompoundsonthebasisoffunctionalgroups.Theresolutionused4cm-1inthe4000-400cm-1rangeand32scanswithaDTGSdetectoratroomtemperature.Thecharacteristicabsorptionpeakswereusedtoidentifyfunctionalgroups.(Stuartetal.,2004)Page4BiologicalActivitiesAntibacterialactivityThepreparationofabacterialculturewasdonebyinoculationofaparticularbacterialstraininsterilenutrientbrothina1.5mlflask.Theculturewaskeptat37oCovernightforthegrowthofbacteria.Thenutrientwasaddedintopetridishes,whichwerelefttosolidifyafterincubation.A100µLagarsuspensionwasspreadallovertheagarusingasterileswabwiththebacterialsuspension.Asterilepipettetipwasusedtopiercetheagarwithwellsofabout68mmdiameter.Thetestsamples,positiveandnegativecontrols,wereputineachwell.Theincubationwasdoneat37oCandgiven18-24hours.Thezonesofinhibitionsurroundingeachwellwerethenmeasuredinmillimetersbymeansofarulerorcaliperafterincubation(Vlagasetal.,2007).Anti-inflammatoryactivityTheanti-inflammatoryactivitywasmeasuredusingchemiluminescenseassayofasamplebasedonitscapacitytoinhibitthereleaseofreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)bystimulatedneutrophils.Thetestsampleswereinitiallydissolvedindimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)oranyotherappropriatesolventtomakethenecessaryconcentrations(Allenetal.,1986).Then,neutrophils,luminol,andthetestsampleweremixedtogetherinatubeormicroplatewellofaluminescencemeter.Then,anactivatorwasincorporatedtoactivatetheneutrophils.Acontrolsamplewasalsoprepared,thatwas,withoutthetestcompound.Theresultinglight(chemiluminescense)waspromptlymeasuredwithaluminescensemeterwithin15-30minutesat37oC.Whenthelightemissionwasdecreasedbythetestsample,thenitimpliedthatthelatterwaspreventingtheformationofreactiveoxygenspecies,whichsignifiesanti-inflammatoryaction.Theinhibitionpercentwasdeterminedbydividingtheluminescenceofthetreatedsamplebythecontrol(Dahlgrenetal.,1999).ResultandDiscussionGC-MSanalysisThen-hexanefractionofSophoraalopecuroideswasanalyzedthroughGC-MSmethod.Thefindingsofthecurrentworkrevealedtheexistenceof34compoundsincluding5-Hepten-2-one,7-phenyl-,O-methyloxime,oximederivativeactasenzyme-interactionpotential.2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenolarephenoliccompoundactasantimicrobial(Islametal.,2018).6,8-Dioxa-3-thiabicyclo(3,2,1)octane3,3-dioxideandThiophene,tetrahydro-2-methyl-aresulfur&oxygenheterocycliccompoundactasanti-inflammatory.Hentriacontane-10,14,16-trioneandCyclopentane,1,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethyl)arecyclichydrocarbonandlongchainalkaneHexacosane,Octacosane,Eicosane,Tetratetracontane.(Shabanaetal.,2012).2-Hexadecene-3,7,11,15-tetramethylandHeptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl,Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane,2,6,6-trimethyl-,Phytol,Phytolacetate,Squaleneareterpenoidsandactasinsecticide(Islametal.,2018).9-Octadecyne,and1,4-EicosadieneareUnsaturatedHydrocarbonactaslipidextract.(Lingetal.,1998).2-O-Methyl-D-mannopyranoseand4-O-Methyl-D-GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page5arabinose,Methyl-β-D-arabinopyranoside,1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylicacidaresugarsandactasmetabolicintermediate(Dewicketal.,2009).9,12-Octadecadienoicacid(Linoleicacid),7,10,13-Hexadecatrienoicacid,9,11-Octadecadiynoicacid,8-hydroxymethylester,MethylstearateandButanoicacid,3-methyl-,3,7-dimethyl-6-octenylesterarepolysaturatedfattyacidactasantioxidantandantimicrobial(Lingetal.,1998).SophoramineandThiocticacidarealkaloidandorganicacid,actascytotoxicandneuroactive.Stigmastan-3,5-diene,Α-Ergostenol,andStigmasterol,Cholest-2-ene-2-methanolaresteroidderivativesactashypocholesterolemic(Packeretal.,1995).VitaminEare(α-tocopherol)actasfat-solublevitamin.(Brigeliusetal.,1999)Theresultsareshownintable1andchromatogramandmassspectrumofeachvolatilecompoundshowninfigure1&2.Table.1.ListofvolatilecompoundsidentifiedusingGC-MSanalysisS.NoNameofcompound5-Hepten-2-one,7-phenyl-,O-methyloxime2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol6,8-Dioxa-3-thiabicyclo(3,2,1)octane3,3-dioxideHentriacontane-10,14,16-trione2-Hexadecene,3,7,11,15-tetramethylBicyclo[3.1.1]heptane,2,6,6-trimethyl-Cyclopentane,1,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethyl8.6799-Octadecyne2-O-Methyl-D-mannopyranosa8.8679.410Retentiontime2.238%Areasum0.433.4710.216.4748.096.9038.3358.4190.230.151.760.181.377.63MolecularformulaC14H19NOC9H2O10C5H8O4SC31H58O3C20H38C10H18C10H20C18H34C7H14O6123456789109,11-Octadecadiynoicacid,8-hydroxymethylester9.6885.04C19H28O311Thiophene,tetrahydro-2-methyl-9.8273.14124-O-Methyl-d-arabinose13Methyl-.beta.-D-arabinopyranoside1415169,12-Octadecadienoicacid7,10,13-HexadecatrienoicacidPhytol17Methylstearate18Sophoramine19Heptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl20Squalene21Tetratetracontane22Stigmastan-3,5-dieneGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.1710.77610.81811.07211.15011.29511.49519.57320.54621.51322.32223.5855.088.750.381.000.610.230.270.290.240.190.39C5H10SC6H12O5C6H12O5C18H32O2C16H26O2C20H40C19H38O2C15H20N2C21H44C30H50C44H90C29H48Molecularweight217150164478278138140250194304102164164280250296298244296410619396G.206623Hexacosane24VitaminE252627Phytol,acetateAlpha.-ErgostenolStigmasterol28Octacosane293031Cholest-2-ene-2-methanolEicosane1,4-Eicosadiene32Thiocticacid33341,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylicacid,Butanoicacid,3-methyl-,3,7-dimethyl-6-octenylester23.84524.03824.21924.66624.83625.19825.75426.44926.73927.73027.79629.3490.362.510.370.140.320.150.160.740.981.520.450.28C26H54C29H50O2C22H44O2C28H48OC29H48OC28H58C28H46OC20H42C20H38C8H14O2S2C8H12O4C15H26O2Page6366430338400412394414258278206172238Thesevolatileconstituentsareclassifiedonthebasisofchemicalstructure,functionalgroupincludinghydrocarbon4.12%,fattyacidderivatives8.45%,carbohydrates21.46%,steroids1.01%,terpenoids3.13%,alkaloids0.27%,oxidativeproperty2.51%,cycloalkanes0.63%,phenoliccompound0.21%,sulphurcontainingcompound11.23%,ketone0.66%.Figure.1.GC-MSChromatogramofn-hexanefractionofSophoraalopecuroidesFigure.2.MassSpectrumofeachvolatilecompoundsidentifiedinSophoraalopecuroidesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page7GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page8GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page9GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page10GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page11GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066FTIRanalysisPage12FTIR(FourierTransformInfrared)wasusedtoidentifythefunctionalgroupsinthemethanolicextractoftheplant.Thespectrumconfirmedthepresenceofalcohol,alkane,carbonylcompoundandester.Thestrongpeakat3267.78cm⁻¹confirmedanO-Hstretchingvibration,whichistypicalpeakofanalcoholfunctionalgroup.Thepeakatthe1634.45cm⁻¹,whichdenotestretchingofcarbonylgroupC=O.Thepresenceofalkanewasverifiedbythepeakappearedat1406.47cm⁻¹confirmedC-Hbendingvibrations.Thepeakappearedat1009.41cm⁻¹,whichwasstretchingofester.Theresultsareshownintable2andIRspectrumofmethanolicextractinfigure3.Table.2.IRspectrumofSophoraalopecuroidesobtainedthroughFTIRanalysisFunctionalgroupAlcohol/phenolcarbonylgroupAlkaneEsterGeneralformulaO–HC=OC–HRCOORVibrationalmodesStretchingStretchingBendingStretchingMethanolicextract3267.781634.451406.471009.41Figure.3.IRspectrumofMethanolicextractofSophoraalopecuroidesAntibacterialactivityTheantibacterialactivityofthemethanolicextractofSophoraalopecuroideswastestedbyusingagarwelldiffusionmethodagainstgrampositiveStaphylococcusaureusandgramnegativeEscherichiacolibacterialstrains.TheplantextractshowedmoderateantibacterialeffectonStaphylococcusaureusandEscherichiacoliwithzonesofinhibitionof19mmand21mmrespectively.TheconcentrationofstandarddrugOfloxacinwas50μg/mlanditshowed26mmzoneofinhibition.TheresultsareshowninTable3&Figure4.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page13Table.3.AntibacterialactivityinmedicinalplantSophoraalopecuroideswasdeterminedinmethanolicextract.NameofBacterialstainsStaphylococcusaureus(NCTC13277)Escherichiacoli(ATCC25922)Inhibitionofextract(19mm)(21mm)Inhibitionofdrug(26mm)(26mm)Figure.4.ComparisonofantibacterialactivityofinhibitionofcompoundandinhibitionofdrugAnti-inflammatoryactivityThemethanolicextractofSophoraalopecuroideswasevaluatedfortheanti-inflammatoryactivityusingChemiluminescenceprotocol.TheextractwastestedagainststandarddrugIbuprofen.Themethanolicextractconcentrationexhibited78.04%zoneofinhibitionandIC50±SDμg/mlwas56.14±2.82.ThestandarddrugIbuprofenconcentrationwas25μg/mlandshowed73.2zoneofinhibitionandthestandarddrugIC50±SDμg/mlwas11.2±1.9μg/ml.ThemethanolicextractofmedicinalplantexhibitedstrongactivityagainstROS(reactiveoxygenspecie)production.Theresultsareshownin(Table4&Figure5).Table.4.TheAnti-inflammatoryactivityinmedicinalplantSophoraalopecuroideswasdeterminedinmethanolicextract.ConcentrationConc(μg/ml/μm)%inhibitionIC50±SDμg/mlMethanolicextractIbuprofen250μg/ml25μg/ml78.0473.256.14±2.8211.2±1.9Figure.5.Comparisonofanti-inflammatoryactivityofmethanolicextractandibuprofen.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page14ConclusionConclusionThepresentstudywascomprisedontheidentificationofvolatileconstituentsandbiologicalactivitiesofmedicinalplantSophoraalopecuroides.TheresultsofGC-MSanalysisrevealedthepresenceof34volatileconstituents.Thecompoundswerebelongto4.12%,fattyacidderivatives8.45%,carbohydrates21.46%,steroids1.01%,terpenoids3.13%,alkaloids0.27%,oxidativeproperty2.51%,cycloalkanes0.63%,phenoliccompound0.21%,sulphurcontainingcompounds11.23%,ketones0.66%.TheFTIRspectrumconfirmsthepresenceofalcohol,alkane,carbonylcompoundandesterfunctionalgroups.Thestrongpeakat3267.78cm⁻¹showedanO-Hstretchingvibration,whichistypicalofanalcoholfunctionalgroup.Thepeakatthepositionof1634.45cm⁻¹,whichdenotestretchingofcarbonylgroupC=O.Thepresenceofalkanewasconfirmedanditappearedat1406.47cm⁻¹andmightbeC-Hbendingvibrations.Thepeakappearedat1009.41cm⁻¹,whichdenotestretchingofRCOOR.Theplantwassubjectedforantibacterialandantiinflammatoryactivities.Themethanolicextractoftheplantshowedmoderateantibacterialactivityagainstgrampositiveandgramnegativebacterialstrains,StaphylococcusaureusandEscherichiacolirespectively.Theplantextractshowedstronganti-inflammatoryactivityagainststandardibuprofen.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Itcanbeconcludedthataccordingtotheliteraturereviewandpresentfindings,thisplantpossessvarietyofthecompoundsandshowedpromisingresultsforthebiologicalactivities.Itisalsosuggestedthatitcanbestudiedfurtherfortheisolationofpotentialbioactivecompoundswhichcanbeassessedagainstdifferentbiologicalactivities.Page15ReferencesBrigelius-Flohé,R.,&Traber,M.G.(1999).VitaminE:Functionandmetabolism.FASEBJournal,13(10),1145–1155.Dewick,P.M.(2009).Medicinalnaturalproducts:Abiosyntheticapproach(3rded.).Wiley-Blackwell.He,X.,Bai,Y.,Zhao,Z.,Wang,X.,Fang,J.,Huang,L.&Zheng,X.(2016).Localandtraditionaluses,phytochemistry,andpharmacologyofSophorajaponicaL.:Areview.JournalofEthnopharmacology,187,160-182.Islam,M.T.,Ali,E.S.,Uddin,S.J.,Shaw,S.,Islam,M.A.,Ahmed,M.I.,…&Atanasov,A.G.(2018).Phytol:Areviewofbiomedicalactivities.Foodandchemicaltoxicology,121,82-94Ling,W.H.,&Jones,P.J.H.(1995).Dietaryphytosterols:Metabolismandhealtheffects.JournalofLipidResearch,36(10),1983–2001.Luo,C.,Ma,F.,Niu,P.,Zhang,Z.,Chen,W.,Jiang,P.,…&Huang,X.(2025).GeneticdiversityandpopulationGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17G.2066Page16structureofKudouzi(Sophoraalopecuroides)inNorthwestChinarevealedbySNPmarkersandseedphenotypictraits.FrontiersinPlantScience,16,1634581.Nosratti,I.,Amiri,S.,Bagheri,A.,&Chauhan,B.S.(2018).Environmentalfactorsaffectingseedgerminationandseedlingemergenceoffoxtailsophora(Sophoraalopecuroides).WeedScience,66(1),71-77.Mondello,L.,Tranchida,P.Q.,Dugo,P.,&Dugo,G.(2008).Comprehensivetwo‐dimensionalgaschromatography‐massspectrometry:Areview.Massspectrometryreviews,27(2),101-124.Molyneux,P.(2004).Theuseofthestablefreeradicaldiphenylpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH)forestimatingantioxidantactivity.SongklanakarinJ.sci.Technol,26(2),211-219Packer,L.,Witt,E.H.,&Tritschler,H.J.(1995).Alpha-lipoicacidasabiologicalantioxidant.FreeRadicalBiologyandMedicine,19(2),227–250PervezS,SaeedM,KhanH,ShahidM,UllahI.NephroprotectiveeffectofBerberisbaluchistanicaagainstgentamicin-inducednephrotoxicityinrabbit.BangladeshJournalofPharmacology.2018;13(3):222-30.Shaaban,M.T.,Ghaly,M.F.,&Fahmi,S.M.(2012).Antimicrobialactivitiesofhydrocarbonsandterpenoidsidentifiedinplantextracts.JournalofAppliedSciencesResearch,8(9),4834–484Stuart,B.H.(2004).Infraredspectroscopy:fundamentalsandapplications.JohnWiley&Sons.Valgas,C.,Souza,S.M.,Smânia,E.F.A.,&Smânia,A.Jr(2007).Screeningmethodstodetermineantibacterialactivityofnaturalproducts.BrazilianJournalofMicrobiology,38(2),369–380Yang,Z.,Ma,F.,Luo,C.,Pang,K.,Yang,Z.A.,Wang,M.,&Huang,X.(2025).StudyontheChangeofGlobalSuitableAreaofSophoraalopecuroidesandItsSustainableEcologicalRestorationBasedontheMaxEntModel.Sustainability,17(18),8486.Zhao,J.,Shi,C.,Wang,L.,Han,X.,Zhu,Y.,Liu,J.,&Yang,X.(2023).FunctionaltraitresponsesofSophoraalopecuroidesL.seedlingstodiverseenvironmentalstressesinthedesertsteppeofNingxia,China.Plants,13(1),69.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2066https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.17