G.2063Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue2(2026),2063ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14MorphologicalandHistologicalAnalysisofMusclesandLiverTissuesinSelectiveFishSpeciesevidencebasedatCostalbeltinBalochistanReceived:23December2025.Accepted:26February2026.Published:17April2026KiranMustafaDepartmentofmarinesciences,facultyofmarinesciencesLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,PakistanCorrespondingauthorkiranmustafa255@gmail.comWaliullahMasroorDepartmentofmarinesciences,facultyofmarinesciencesLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,PakistanCorrespondingauthordrwaliullah.marine@luawms.edu.pkNazeerAhmedDepartmentofVeterinary,AnatomyandHistologyFacultyofVeterinaryandAnimalScienceLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,Pakistanvas@luawms.edu.pknazeer.NaghmasabzalDepartmentofmarinesciences,facultyofmarinesciencesLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,Pakistannaghmasabzal@gmail.comEmail:KhushbakhtDepartmentofmarinesciences,facultyofmarinesciencesLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,PakistanKhushibaloch333@gmail.comSadiqRahimDepartmentofmarinesciences,facultyofmarinesciencesLasbelauniversityofAgriculture,waterandmarinesciencesLUAWMS,Uthal10250,Pakistanrahimsadiq20@yahoo.comGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page2Abstract:Histopathologicalchangesinfishmuscleandlivertissuesserveasreliablebioindicatorsofaquaticpollutionandecologicalstress.Thisstudyanalyzedseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)andSeabass(Latescalcarifer)fromthreecoastalsitesofBalochistanGadani,Dam,andKundMalirrepresentedhigh,moderate,andlowanthropogenicinfluence,respectively.Muscleandliversamplesfromposteriorandcaudalregionsprocessedtousehematoxylinandeosinstainingtoassessfiberdimensionsandtissueintegrity.MusclefiberthicknessinLatescalcariferfromDam(4.758±0.813µm)wassignificantlylowerthaninKundMalir(5.623±0.739µm;p<0.01),whilefiberlengthshowednosignificantvariation(24.76-5.195µm;p>0.05).Histologicalobservationsrevealedseverehepaticvacuolardegeneration,sinusoidalcellsarrangement,andmusclenecrosisinGadanispecimens,moderatetissuealterationsinDamfish,andnormalarchitectureinKundMalirsamples.Thefindingsdemonstratethatenvironmentalstressandpollutionstronglyinfluencefishtissuestructure,confirmingGadaniasthemostimpactedandKundMalirastheleastaffectedsite.Additionally,thestudyemphasizestheimportanceofcontinuousbiomonitoringandsustainablemanagementoftheBalochistancoast,supportthehistopathologicalbiomarkersassensitiveindicatorsofenvironmentalquality.Keywords:Seabass,MuscleHistology,HistopathologicalAlteration,AquaticEnvironment,WaterQuality1.INTRODUCTIONExaminingtheorgansmorphologicallyandhistologicallyoffersimportantinformation.Thisinformationdescribedecologicaladaptability,andstressresponsesofaquaticanimalsinparticularenvironment.CoastalstripofBalochistan,anareaknownforitsabundantmarinebiodiversityandecologicalsignificance.CoastlikeBalochistanwhichlackpropermonitoringsystemcanhaveprofoundbiologicalconsequences.Understandingthephysiologicalactivitiesoffish,particularlyintheecologicallysensitiveareasalongtheBalochistancoast,requiresexaminingmuscleandlivertissues.Thesetissuesarealsoimportantbioindicatorsofecosystemhealthandenvironmentalconditions(B.Mohantyetal.,2014).Skeletalmuscle,whichmakesup40-60%ofafish'sbodymass,isessentialfordevelopmentandmovementandexhibitsmolecularalterationsinresponsetoenvironmentalstress(Sáez-Arteagaetal.,2024).Myofibrillar,sarcoplasmic,andconnectivetissueproteinsarethethreetypesofmuscleproteins;myofibrillarproteins,whichincludemyosinandactin,makeup60–70%ofallmuscleproteins(Daraetal.,2021).Chengetal.(2014)statethatthemyotome,whichismadeupofseparatemusclefibersjoinedbymyocommata,isinchargeofmuscularstrengthandstructure.Fast-twitch(white)fibersallowforshort,GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page3quickmovements,whereasslow-twitch(red)fibersassistenduranceswimming(Cedieletal.,2008;Nachtigalletal.,2015;Gabler-Smithetal.,2023).Fishmusclesarecomposedofred,white,andintermediatefibertypes.Becauseoftheseproperties,muscletissueisacrucialmarkerofbothphysiologicalwell-beingandthereactiontoenvironmentalstress.Theliver,whichisthebiggestinternalorganinfish,isessentialforbiosynthesis,detoxification,andmetabolism(Longetal.,2022).Itcontrolsdetoxificationinthefaceofenvironmentalstress,lipidmetabolism,andnutritionstorage(Longetal.,2021).Theportalveinandhepaticarterysupply70to80%ofthebloodthatthelivergets(Akiyoshi&Inoue,2004).Platesofhepatocytes,sinusoidsfornutritionexchange,andportaltriadsthehepaticartery,bileduct,andportalveinareitshistologicalcomponents(Salesetal.,2017).AccordingtoQiaoetal.(2016)andHusseinetal.(2023),theliverisagreatmodelforevaluatingthehealthofaquaticecosystemsbecauseitfacilitatesthegenerationofvitellogenin,themetabolismoffatandcarbohydrates,anddetoxification.Fibrosis,necrosis,andvacuolationareexamplesofhistopathologicalalterationsthatsuggestinfectionorenvironmentalstress(Wolf&Wolfe,2005;Caoetal.,2023).ThemusclesandlivermorphologyundersitespecificationinAsianseabassandseabreamhavenotyetbeendescribedinBalochistan.However,thisisidentifiedwiththeinfluencesbyenvironmentalstressorsandpromotedsustainablefisheriesmanagement.Histopathologicalexaminationisasensitiveandtrustworthymethod(Haredietal.,2020;Shavalieretal.,2021).TheAsianseabassandseabreamaremarinefishspeciesusedforfoodinPakistan.However,fewstudieshaveindicatedtheimportanceofbiodiversity.Noneofthepreviousworkhasbeenevidenttheliverandmusclemorphologyhavebeenconductedonthesespecies.ThisstudyaimstostudystructuralinvestigationofthemuscleandlivertissuesofAsianseabassandseabream.Inaddition,supportfishhealthmonitoring,environmentalevaluation,andsustainablefisheriesmanagementinGadani,DamandKundMalirBalochistani.ThisstudyexploredbaselinedatatoevaluatethetissuemorphologicalandhistologicalparametersinthecostalbeltofBalochistan.2.MATERIALSANDMETHODS2.1StudyAreaTheresearchwasconductedacrossthreeecologicallysignificantcoastalsitesatthecostalbeltinBalochistanwhichareDam,Gadani,andKundMalir(Figure1a-c).Theselocationswereselectedduetotheirenvironmentalrelevanceandthepresenceofcommerciallyimportantfishspecies.Sampleswerecollectedwiththeassistoflocalfishermenusingtraditionalfishingmethods.Thisapproachnotonlyensuredtheauthenticityandethicalityofthesamplingprocess.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page4Figure1:Mapofthestudyarea:(a)representsthemapofPakistan;(b)showsthemapofBalochistan;and(c)illustratesthespecificresearchareaandsamplingpoints2.2SampleCollectionSpecimensofAsianseabassandseabreamwerecollectedfromeachsiteusinggillnetswiththeassistanceoflocalfishermen.Fishwereeuthanizedfollowingethicalguidelines.Morphometricmeasurements,includingtotallengthandbodyweight,wererecordedpriortodissection.2.3MuscleTissueSamplingMuscletissueswereexcisedfromtheposteriorandcaudalregions,(Figures2c,dande)Sampleswererinsedwithdeionizedwatertoremoveblood.Forhistologicalanalysis,tissueswerefixedin10%neutralbufferedformalinfor24-48hours.2.4LiverTissueSamplingLivertissueswerecarefullydissectedfromtheventralcavityofeachspecimen,(Figures2c,dande).SampleswerewashedindeionizedwatertoeliminatebloodresiduesandimmediatelyGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063fixedin10%neutralbufferedformalinfor24-48hours.Thisfixationstepensuredthepreservationofhepatocytemorphologyforsubsequenthistologicalevaluation.Page5Figure2:Thisfigureillustratesthesamplecollectionandpreparation:(a)samplesbeingcollectedfromthefield,(b)dissectionofthecollectedsamplesinthelaboratory,and(c–e)displayofthedissectedsamplespreparedforfurtheranalysis.2.5HistologicalAnalysisFixedtissuesweredehydratedinagradedethanolseries,clearedinxylene,andembeddedinparaffinwax.Sectionsof4-5µmthicknesswerepreparedusingarotarymicrotome,mountedonglassslides,andstainedwithHematoxylinandEosin(H&E).SlideswereexaminedunderaGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063lightmicroscope(40x–100x)toevaluatemusclefiberarrangement,degeneration,necrosis,andliverhistoarchitectureincludinghepatocyteorganization,vacuolation,andsinusoidaldilation.2.6MorphometricAnalysisThemorphometricanalysishasbeenimplementedinthisstudy.LiversinusoidalcellsarrangementandMusclefiberdimensions,includinglength,width,andheight,weremeasuredPage6usingImageJsoftware.2.7StatisticalAnalysisDatahasresultedasmean±standarddeviation(SD).Differencesamongthesiteswereanalyzedusingone-wayAnalysisofVariance(ANOVA),followedbyTukey’spost-hoctestwhereapplicable.Asignificancelevelofp<0.05wasused.3.RESULTSTheresultofthisstudyprovidesadeepdescriptionofthehistologicalexaminationsperformedontheliverandmuscletissues.seabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)andAsianseabassLatescalcarifer,whichwereobtainedfromthreeecologicallydifferentcoastallocationsinBalochistan:Gadani,Dam,andKundMalir(Figures1b-c).Acomparisonofthemusclefiberlengthsofseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)inDam,Gadani,andKundMalirshowednosignificantdifferences(p=>0.05).Additionally,nomorphologicalvariationwasfoundacrosstheresearchsites,andthemusclefiberlengthinKundMalirwas(24.76±5.195μm).ThemusclefiberinDamis25.49±2.650μminlength.However,themusclefiberinGadanifindingshasbeenmeasuredas24.32±3.166μmwhichareslightlyclosertoKundMalirsitebutlowertoDam.UsingHematoxylinandEosin(H&E)stainingthemusclefiberthicknessofseabass(latecalcarifer)revealedasignificantdifferencebetweenDam,Gadani,andKundMalir(Figure3),(**p<0.01).Forseabreamnomorphologicalvariationwasfoundamongthesites.However,KundMalir'smusclefiberthicknesswasmeasuredas5.612±0.760μm).Dam'smusclefiberhasathicknessof5.385±0.688μm.ThemusclethicknessinGadanisitewasmeasuredas5.069±0.612μm)inwhichfishmentionedname,thishasbitconfusion.Seabass(latecalcarifer)musclesfiberthicknessanalysisshowssignificantdifferencebetweenDamandKundMalir(**p<0.01),therewasnomorphologicaldifferencebetweenKundMalirandGadani.observedinwhichmusclefiberthicknessofKundMaliris(5.623±0.739μm).ThethicknessofmusclefiberDamis(4.623±0.813μm),inGadanithisobservedwith(5.661±0.852μm).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page7Figure3:MusclesFiberLengthandThicknessinSeabass(A&B)andSeabream(C&D)ThemeasurementsofmusclefiberthicknessandfiberlengthinSeabass(Latescalcarifer)andseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)collectedfromDam,Gadani,andKundMalirshowednosignificantvariationsinfiberlengthacrossthethreesamplingsites.However,anotablereductioninmusclefiberthicknesswasobservedinspecimencollectedfromDamwhencomparedtothosefromKundMalir.Table1:ComparisonofMuscleFiberofLengthandThicknessAcrossthesitesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page8ThemusclefibersinfishfromtheDammaybeattributedtoenvironmentalstressors,includingpotentialpollutionorsuboptimalwaterqualityconditionsthatcannegativelyimpactmusculardevelopment.Musclefiberthicknessisarecognizedindicatoroffishhealthandgrowthperformance,reducedthicknessoftenreflectschronicexposuretoenvironmentalcontaminants,reducedfoodavailability,ormetabolicstress.Thefindingshighlightthepotentialinfluenceofsite-specificecologicalconditionsonmusclephysiology,furtherinvestigationintoenvironmentalfactorssuchaswaterchemistry,pollutantload,andhabitatqualityintheDamarea.3.1HistologicalAnalysisofMusclesThemuscletissuesofSeabass(Latescalcarifer)andseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)werecollectedfromvariousstudysitesandsubjectedtoHEstaining.LatescalcariferfromGadanishowedseveremusclefiberdegenerationwithextensivefragmentationandlargegapsasshownin(Figure4A).LatescalcariferfromDamshowedmoderatemusclefiberdisorganizationwithvisiblegapsandsignsofmuscleatrophy(Figure4B).LatescalcariferfromKundMalirhadveryclearorganizationofmuscle(Figure4C).NemipterusjaponicusfromGadanishowedseveremuscledamagewithfragmentedfibersandlargeemptyspacesinflammation(Figure4D).NemipterusjaponicusfromDamshowedmoderatemuscledegradationandfibermisalignment(Figure4F).NemipterusjaponicusfromKundMalir,GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14SpeciesSitesLength(µm)Thickness(µm)Significance(length)Significance(Thickness)KundMalir21.67±4.9975.623±0.739p>0.05(notsignificantp>0.05(notsignificant)Seabass(latescalcarifer)Dam21.15±4.2144.758±0.813p>0.05(notsignificantp<0.01(significantlydifferentGadani19.08±3.1475.661±0.852p>0.05(notsignificantp>0.05(notsignificant)KundMalir24.76±5.1955.612±0.760p>0.05(notsignificantp>0.05(notsignificant)Seabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)Dam25.76±2.6505.385±0.688p>0.05(notsignificantp>0.05(notsignificant)Gadani24.32±3.1665.069±0.612p>0.05(notsignificantp>0.05(notsignificant)G.2063whichcloselyresembleshealthymusclehistologyduetoitswell-organizedmusclestructure(Figure4F).Page9Figure4:HematoxylinandEosin(H&E)stainingofmuscletissuesofSeabass(Latescalcarifer)andseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus).(A)IndicatesLatescalcariferfromGadani(B)RepresentstheLatescalcariferfromDam(C)ShowstheLatescalcariferfromKundMalir,(D)IndicatestheNemipterusjaponicusfromGadani(E)RepresentstheNemipterusjaponicusfromDam.Arrows;indicategapsbetweenthemusclefibers.40Xmagnification.3.2HistologicalAnalysisofLiverTissueHematoxylinandEosin(H&E)stainingwasappliedonlivertissuestoexaminehistomorphology.Seabass(Latescalcarifer)fromGadani(Figure5A)displayinghepatocyteswithvacuolardegenerationandsinusoidaldilatation(Figure5B);Dam-Seabass(Latescalcarifer)fromstudysiteofDamdisplayinginflammatorycellinfiltrationandnecrotichepatocytes(Figure5C).KundMalirSeabass(Latescalcarifer),normalhepatictissuewithwell-organizedhepatocytesandclearsinusoids;(Figure5D)GadaniSeabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)displayinghepatocellulardisorganization,necrosis,andinflammatoryinfiltration;(Figure5F)KundMalirSeabass(Nemipterusjaponicus)normalhepatictissuewithclearsinusoidalspacesandwell-arrangedhepatocytes.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page10Figure5:HematoxylinandEosin(H&E)stainingwasusedonlivertissues.(A)IndicatesLatescalcariferfromGadani(B)RepresentstheLatescalcariferfromDam(C)ShowstheLatescalcariferfromKundMalir,(D)IndicatesthefromNemipterusjaponicusGadani(E)RepresentstheNemipterusjaponicusfromDam(F)IndicatesthefromNemipterusjaponicusKundMalir.Arrows;indicategapsbetweenthemusclefibers.40Xmagnification.Table2:HistologicalObservationofLiverAcrosstheThreeStudySitesSummarized.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page114.DiscussionThecurrentstudyexaminedthemorphologicalandhistologicalcharacteristicsoftheliverandmuscletissuesinLatescalcariferandNemipterusjaponicusfromthreecoastallocationsofBalochistan:KundMalir,Dam,andGadani.Seabassandseabreamarewidelystudiedspecies(Rosatietal.,2025).Seabreamhasshownstrongdevelopmentandflexibilityinarangeofenvironmentalconditions(Bánóetal.,2024).Ata6%bodyweightfeedingrate,Asianseabasshadexcellentdevelopmentandphysiologicalhealth,demonstratingtheneedforpropernutritioninpreservingnormaltissuestructure(UlHassanetal.,2021).Seabreamdemonstratedthatbetterdietaryandenvironmentalcircumstancesincreasedphysiologicalperformanceandoveralltissuehealth(Matadamas-Guzmanetal.,2019).SeabreamfromthecoastofSindh(Alietal.,2023)showedgoodgrowthunderappropriatenutritionalandclimaticcircumstances,supportingthecurrentfindingsforseabreamfromthecoastofBalochistan,whichhaveshownsimilarhistologicalchangesinseabreamtissueslinkedtodietaryandenvironmentalvariables.Inthepresentstudiesseabassandseabreambothspecies,myofibrillarorganizationandmyotomalarchitecturestayedessentiallynormal.Particularly,KundMalirsampleshaddensefiberpackingandcharacteristicfascicularpatterns.OnlymodestdeviationsfromthisbaselinewereseeninthespecimensfromDamandGadani:veryslightfibermisalignment,aslightdecreaseinpackingdensity,andsmallspacebetweenfibers.Significantly,therewerenosignsofpathogenicfeaturesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14SpeciesSiteLiverhistologyobservationSeabass(Latescalcarifer)KundMalirNormalliverhistologywithclearsinusoidsandwellarrangementhepatocytesDamPresenceofinflammatorycellinfiltrationandnecrotichepatocytesobservedGadaniHepatocytesshowedvasculardegenerationandsinusoidaldilatation.Seabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)KundMalirLivertissueappearednormalwithwell-organizedhepatocytesandminimalpathologicalchangesDamModeratehepaticchangessuchasinflammatorysignsandmildcelldegenerationobservedGadaniHepatocellulardisorganization,necrosis,andinflammationwereprominentG.2063Page12includingnecrosis,widespreadfragmentation,inflammatoryinfiltration,ornoticeableatrophy.Thesefindingsareconsistentwithanumberofcomparativestudiesthatdemonstratehowmarineteleostmuscletissuefrequentlymaintainsstructuralintegrityinthefaceofmildortemporarydisruptions.AccordingtoShahidetal.(2022),whilemaintainingoverallmyofibrillarorganization,fishmusclecanexhibitonlyminorarchitecturalalterations(mildfiberseparation,slightatrophy)acrosssiteswithvaryingwaterquality.Inasimilarvein,(Goralskyietal.,2024)discoveredthatinfishpopulationsthatexperienceregularseasonalanddietarychange,normalmusclehistologycontinuestobethepredominanttype.RecentmorphologicalandhistologicaldescriptionsofLatescalcarifershowthespecies'strongmusculararchitectureunderavarietyofhandlingcircumstancesandlifestages(Malilaetal.,2024;(Takahashietal.,1985).ThelittlemuscleabnormalitiesfoundinDamandGadaniarecomparablewithlow-magnitude,non-pathologicalvariabilityseenelsewhere,accordingtothesecomparativestudies.KundMalir'sliverslicesshowedclearsinusoids,polygonalhepatocyteswithidentifiablenuclei,andwell-organizedhepaticcords.AlthoughthereweresporadicmoderatevacuolizationandminorcytoplasmicchangesintheDamandGadanisamples,thegeneralparenchymalarchitecturewasstillidentifiableandfunctioning.Thespecimensunderexaminationdidnotexhibitbroadinflammatoryinfiltrates,significantsinusoidalcollapse,orextensivenecroticzones.Accordingtotheliterature,marinefishpopulationsfrequentlyexhibitmodesthepaticvacuolizationandslightalterationsincytoplasmictexture,whichmayindicatenormalmetabolicornutritionaldynamicsratherthanobviousdisease(Santosetal.,2022;TopićPopovićetal.,2023).Forinstance,Santosetal.(2022)foundthatseasonalpatternsofmoderatehepatocellularvacuolizationinfreshwaterfisheswereassociatedwithmetaboliccyclesratherthanpermanentdamage.Similarly,hepatocyteappearancevarieswithfoodcompositionorfeedinghistory,andlivershapecanreverttobaselineoncecircumstancesalter(Donadellietal.,2024;Caballeroetal.,2004).Smallhepaticvacuoles,mildsinusoidaldilatation,orminimalcytoplasmicclearancearetypicalandshouldbeevaluatedinlightofnumerouslinesofevidence,accordingtorecentreviewsandmulti-markerstudies(Jerald,2024;Pramaniketal.,2024).5.CONCLUSIONInthecurrentstudy,tissueintegrityandenvironmentalqualitywereshowntobestronglycorrelatedinseabass(Latescalcarifer)andseabream(Nemipterusjaponicus)obtainedoffthecoastofBalochistan.Duetoindustrialandhuman-causedcontamination,fishfromGadanishowedsignificantmuscledegenerationandliverdamage,butthosefromDamshowedmodestchanges.Ontheotherhand,thefishfromKundMalirdisplayednormalliverandmuscleGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063histoarchitecture,suggestingthattherewaslittleenvironmentalstress.Theseresultsdemonstratethatfishhistopathologicalalterationsarereliableindicatorsforevaluatingaquaticpollutionandecosystemhealth.Thefindingsshowhowurgentlysustainablefisheriesmanagement,efficientpollutioncontrol,andongoingbiomonitoringareneededtopreservethebiologicalintegrityofPage13Balochistanicoastalecosystems.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSOursinceregratitudegoestoourrespectedteachersamongwithlaboratorystaffofLasbelaUniversityAgricultureWaterandMarineScienceBalochistanfortheirvaluableguidanceforfieldwork,datagenerationanddataanalysisforthisstudy.REFERENCESAli,S.,Memon,J.,Ali,K.,Hussain,S.,Rahim,R.A.,Hashmi,U.B.,...&Khourshid,J.(2023).BiologicalPerformanceinBlackFinSeabream,Acanthopagrusberda(Forsskal,1775)byUsingTwoDifferentProtein-BasedDietsinSeawaterEarthenPonds.SarhadJournalofAgriculture,39(3),632-640.Al-Hussaini,A.H.(1949).Onthefunctionalmorphologyofthealimentarytractofsomefishinrelationtodifferencesintheirfeedinghabits:anatomyandhistology.JournalofcellScience,3(10),109-139.Ali,S.,Memon,J.,Ali,K.,Hussain,S.,Rahim,R.A.,Hashmi,U.B.,...&Khourshid,J.(2023).BiologicalPerformanceinBlackFinSeabream,Acanthopagrusberda(Forsskal,1775)byUsingTwoDifferentProtein-BasedDietsinSeawaterEarthenPonds.SarhadJournalofAgriculture,39(3),632-640Akiyoshi,H.,&Inoue,A.(2004).Comparativehistologicalstudyofteleostliversinrelationtophylogeny.Zoologicalscience,21(8),841-850.Bánó,B.,Bolotovskiy,A.,Levin,B.,Mattox,G.M.,Cetra,M.,Czeglédi,I.,&Takács,P.(2024).Scalemorphologyisapromising,additionaltoolforexploringthetaxonomyandecologyoffreshwaterfishes.FishandFisheries,25(4),569-588.Caballero,M.J.,Izquierdo,M.S.,Kjørsvik,E.,Fernandez,A.J.,&Rosenlund,G.(2004).Histologicalalterationsintheliverofseabream,SparusaurataL.,causedbyshort‐orlong‐termfeedingwithvegetableoils.Recoveryofnormalmorphologyafterfeedingfishoilasthesolelipidsource.JournalofFishDiseases,27(9),531-541.Cao,Q.,Shan,H.,Zhao,J.,Deng,J.,Xu,M.,Kang,H.,...&Jiang,J.(2023).Liverfibrosisinfishresearch:Fromanimmunologicalperspective.Fish&ShellfishGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page14Immunology,139,108885.Cediel,R.A.,Blob,R.W.,Schrank,G.D.,Plourde,R.C.,&Schoenfuss,H.L.(2008).MusclefibertypedistributioninclimbingHawaiiangobioidfishes:ontogenyandcorrelationswithlocomotorperformance.Zoology,111(2),114-122.Cheng,J.-H.,Sun,D.-W.,Han,Z.,&Zeng,X.-A.(2014).TextureandStructureMeasurementsandAnalysesforEvaluationofFishandFilletFreshnessQuality:AReview.Dara,P.K.,Geetha,A.,Mohanty,U.,Raghavankutty,M.,Mathew,S.,ChandragiriNagarajarao,R.,&Rangasamy,A.(2021).ExtractionandCharacterizationofMyofibrillarProteinsfromDifferentMeatSources:AComparativeStudy.JournalofBioresourcesandBioproducts,6(4),367–378.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2021.04.004Donadelli,V.,DiMarco,P.,Mandich,A.,Finoia,M.G.,Cardinaletti,G.,Petochi,T.,...&Marino,G.(2024).Effectsofdietaryplantproteinreplacementwithinsectandpoultryby-productmealsontheliverhealthandserummetabolitesofseabream(Sparusaurata)andseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax).Animals,14(2),241.Gabler-Smith,M.K.,Coughlin,D.J.,&Fish,F.E.(2023).Morphologicalandhistochemicalcharacterizationofthepectoralfinmuscleofbatoids.JournalofMorphology,284(2),e21548.https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21548Goralskyi,L.P.,Demus,N.V.,Sokulskyi,I.M.,Gutyj,B.V.,Kolesnik,N.L.,&Pavliuchenko,O.V.(2024).Peculiaritiesofthemacro-andmicromorphologyoftheliveroffishofthecarpfamily(Cyprinidae)inacomparativeaspect.ScientificMessengerofLNUofVeterinaryMedicineandBiotechnologies.Series:VeterinarySciences,26(114),217-226.Guderley,H.(2004).Metabolicresponsestolowtemperatureinfishmuscle.BiologicalReviews,79(2),409–427.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793103006328Haredi,A.M.M.,Mourad,M.,Tanekhy,M.,Wassif,E.,&Abdel-Tawab,H.S.(2020).LakeEdkupollutantsinducedbiochemicalandhistopathologicalalterationsinmuscletissuesofNileTilapia(Oreochromisniloticus).ToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealthSciences,12(3),247–255.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00042-wHassan,H.U.,Ali,Q.M.,Ahmad,N.,Masood,Z.,Hossain,M.Y.,Gabol,K.,...&Kamal,M.(2021).Assessmentofgrowthcharacteristics,thesurvivalrateandbodycompositionofAsianSeabassLatescalcarifer(Bloch,1790)underdifferentfeedingratesinclosedaquaculturesystem.SaudiJournalofBiologicalSciences,28(2),1324-1330.GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2063https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.14G.2063Page15Hussein,M.M.,Sayed,R.K.A.,&Mokhtar,D.M.(2023).Structuralandimmunohistochemicalanalysisofthecellularcompositionsoftheliverofmollyfish(Poeciliasphenops),focusingonitsimmunerole.ZoologicalLetters,9(1),1.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-022-00200-7Jerald,I.,Ravindran,J.,&Babu,M.M.(2024).Fishinfocus:Navigatingorgandamageassessmentthroughanalyticalavenues-Acomprehensivereview.Toxicologyreports,101841.Johnston,I.A.(2006).Environmentandplasticityofmyogenesisinteleostfish.JournalofExperimentalBiology,209(12),2249–2264.https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02153Long,S.,Dong,X.,Liu,H.,Yan,X.,Tan,B.,Zhang,S.,...&Zhang,H.(2022).Effectofdietaryoxidizedfishoilonliverfunctioninhybridgrouper(♀Epinephelusfuscoguttatus×♂Epinepheluslanceolatus).AquacultureReports,22,101000.Matadamas-Guzman,M.,Hernández-Calderas,I.,Ramírez,J.C.S.,&GuzmánGarcía,X.(2019).HistopathologicalAssessmentofOrganismsinEcotoxicologicalStudiesfromMexico.InPollutionofWaterBodiesinLatinAmerica:ImpactofContaminantsonSpeciesofEcologicalInterest(pp.311317).Cham:SpringerInternationalPublishing.Mo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