G.2053Page1GlobalResearchjournalofNaturalScience&Technology(GRJNST)Volume:04-Issue2(2026),2053ISSNP:2790-7643ISSNE:2790-7651www.grjnst.nethttps://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05PostharvestQualityPreservationandShelf-LifeExtensionofApplesThroughEdibleCoatingsandNaturalPreservativeTreatmentsReceived:27December2025.Accepted:26January2025.Published:31March2026AnumNoureenInstituteofFoodandNutritionalsciences,PirMehrAlishahAridAgricultureUniversitynoureenanum46@gmail.comZeeshanAhmedInstituteofHorticulturalSciencesUniversityofAgricultureFaisalabadCorrespondingAuthor:zeesmile1999@gmail.comMuhammadAbbasKhanDepartmentofHorticultureBalochistanAgricultureCollegeQuettamuhammadabbaskhan1121@gmail.comSaeedAhmadLincolnInstituteforAgri-foodTechnologyUniversityofLincolnUKahmadsaeeduol@gmail.comAmeerJanDepartmentofBotanyUniversityofMakranPanjgurGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05Copyright©2026GRJNST.ThisarticleispublishedunderanOpenAccessmodel.ItismadeavailabletothepublicunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CCBY4.0)license,whichpermitsunrestricteduseanddistributionG.2053Page2Abstract:Apples(Malusdomestica),aleadingtemperatefruitcropvaluedfortheirnutritionalandsensoryqualities,experiencesubstantialpostharvestlosses(8.6–50%)drivenbyrapidclimactericrespiration,ethylenebiosynthesisviatheYangcycle,transpiration-inducedweightloss,enzymaticbrowningmediatedbypolyphenoloxidase(PPO),andmicrobialdecay(primarilyanthracnoseandstem-endrot).Ediblecoatingsformulatedfrompolysaccharides(chitosan,starch,alginate,pectin),proteins(wheyprotein,zein),lipids(carnaubawax,beeswax),andcompositeblendscreateasemi-permeablebarrierthatmodulatesinternalatmosphere,reducesO₂availabilityandCO₂accumulation,slowsethyleneproductionandrespiration,limitsmoistureloss,delayscell-walldegradationbypolygalacturonaseandpectinmethylesterase,andinhibitsenzymaticbrowningandpathogengrowth.Incorporationofnaturalbioactiveagents’essentialoils(cinnamon,oregano),nisin,lysozyme,ascorbicacid,andcitricacidtransformthesecoatingsintoactivepackagingsystemswithenhancedantimicrobialandantioxidantproperties.Advancedapplicationtechnologies,includingelectrostaticspraying,electrospraying,andnano-emulsions,improveuniformity,adhesion,andcontrolledrelease.Researchdemonstratessignificantshelf-lifeextension(upto21days),retentionoffirmness,titratableacidity,ascorbicacid,totalphenolics,andvisualappeal,whilereducingweightloss,browningindex,anddecayincidence.Thisreviewunderscoresediblecoatingsasasustainable,consumer-friendlyalternativetosyntheticfungicidesandplasticpackaging,offeringapracticalsolutiontominimizepostharvestwaste,enhancemarketvalue,andsupportcircular-economyprinciplesintheglobalappleindustry.Keywords:Applepostharvest,ediblecoatings,shelf-lifeextension,chitosan,starch,wheyprotein,essentialoils,enzymaticbrowning,modifiedatmosphere,naturalpreservatives,firmnessretention,sustainablepackaging1.IntroductionTheglobalproductionofapples(Malusdomestica)occupiesacentralroleinthetemperatefruitindustry,drivenbyhighconsumerdemandfortheirnutritionalprofile,whichincludesessentialvitamins,dietaryfibers,andpolyphenolicantioxidants.However,theeconomicviabilityofappleproductionisperpetuallychallengedbysignificantpostharvestlossesthatoccurbetweentheorchardandthefinalconsumer(Singhetal.,2025).Theselossesarenotmerelyquantitativebutalsoqualitative,GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page3involvingthedeteriorationoftexture,flavor,andaestheticappeal(Alametal.,2024).Withinthecurrentglobalfoodsystem,itisestimatedthatapproximatelyone-thirdofallfoodproducedislostorwasted,withfruitsandvegetablesexperiencingevenhigherratesof45%to55%,translatingto1.2to2billiontonsofwastedbiomassannually(Poratetal.,2018).Postharvestlossesofapplesoccuratmultiplestagesofthesupplychain,fromharvestingtohouseholdconsumption.Themajorpointsofqualitydeteriorationandlossdistributionareillustratedinfigure1.Figure1:ApplePostharvestSupplyChainandLossPointsInthespecificcontextofapples,lossesaredistributedacrossthesupplychain.IntheUnitedStates,retail-levellossesareestimatedat8.6%,whileconsumer-levelwastecanreach20%(Buzbyetal.,2011).Indevelopingnations,thelackofrobustcoldchaininfrastructureandmodernstoragetechnologiesresultsinpostharvestlossesrangingfrom20%to50%(Kaur&Watson,2024).Thesefiguresunderscoreaprofoundinefficiencyintheuseofland,water,andenergyresources.Reducingtheselosses,oftentermedthe"hiddenharvest,"isessentialforglobalfoodsecurityandalignswiththecirculareconomyapproachbyminimizingagriculturalwastethroughtheuseofprotectiveediblecoatingsandnaturalbioactivesubstances(Minoretal.,2020).Table1:EstimatedPostharvestLossPercentagesofApplesandGlobalProduceRegion/CategoryEstimatedPercentage(%)LossKeyDriversofLossGlobalVegetablesFruitsand45-55Handling,lackofcoldchain,spoilageDevelopingNations20-50Storageinfrastructure,transitGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053USRetail(Apples)8.6USConsumer(Apples)20.0Post-CA(Gala/Fuji)Storage3.9-12.1delaysOver-ripening,rejectionPage4aestheticDomesticsenescencestorageconditions,Fungaldisordersdecay,physiological2.PhysiologicalandBiochemicalMechanismsofSenescenceApplesareclimactericfruits,meaningtheirripeningismarkedbyadistinctivesurgeinrespirationandtheautocatalyticproductionofethylene(C2H4).Thisphysiologicalbursttriggersacascadeofbiochemicalmodificationsthatgraduallytransitionthefruitfromitspeakmaturityintosenescence(Anwaretal.,2018).Theprimaryfactorscontributingtothisdeclineincludetranspiration-inducedwaterloss,thedepletionofinternalenergyreservesviarespiration,andtheenzymaticdegradationofcellwallstructures(Alietal.,2025).2.1Respiration,EthyleneBiosynthesis,andtheYangCycleThemetabolicactivityofharvestedapplesisdrivenbyrespiration,wheresugarsandorganicacidsareoxidizedtoproduceenergy,CO2,andwater.Highrespirationratesleadtoarapiddepletionofthesesubstrates,resultinginflavorlossandthesofteningofthefruit(Brizzolaraetal.,2020).Ethyleneactsastheprimaryorchestratorofthesechanges,regulatingtheexpressionofgenesinvolvedinsoftening,colortransformation,andvolatileproduction(Thewesetal.,2019).EthylenebiosynthesisfollowstheYangcycle,startingwithL-methionine,whichisconvertedtoS-adenosyl-L-methionine(SAM).Twocriticalenzymesthenregulatetheproductionofethylene:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylatesynthase(ACS)and1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylateoxidase(ACO)(Yipetal.,1996).ACScatalyzestheconversionofSAMto1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid(ACC),whichisgenerallyconsideredtherate-limitingstep,althoughACOhasbeenidentifiedasasecondarylimitingfactorunderspecificdevelopmentalconditions(Boeckxetal.,2019).Ediblecoatings(ECs)extendshelflifeprimarilybycreatingamodifiedatmosphereGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page5aroundthefruit,whichlowersinternalO2levelsandelevatesCO2.BecauseACOrequiresO2foritsactivity,thismodifiedatmospheredirectlyinhibitsthefinalstepofethyleneproduction,therebydelayingtheclimactericpeakandslowingdownthematurationprocess(Bücheleetal.,2023).2.2MoistureLossandTranspirationKineticsApplespossessahighmoisturecontent,typicallybetween75%and95%.Postharvestweightlossispredominantlyaconsequenceoftranspiration,wherewatervapormigratesfromthefruit'sinternaltissuestothesurroundingenvironmentthroughlenticels,thecuticle,ormechanicalinjuries(Hassanetal.,2025).Aweightlossofaslittleas3%to5%canresultinvisibleshrivelingandalossofcrispness,significantlyreducingmarketvalue(Lufuetal.,2024).Ediblecoatingsserveasaphysicalbarrierthatblocksthesepathways,significantlyreducingthevaporpressuredeficitandmaintainingtissueturgor(Umeohiaetal.,2024).2.3EnzymaticBrowningandStructuralDegradationInfresh-cutappleproducts,enzymaticbrowningisthemostsignificantdeterrenttoconsumeracceptance.Slicingrupturescellularmembranes,allowingpolyphenoloxidase(PPO)tointeractwithphenolicsubstratesandO2,formingbrown-coloredmelanins(Fan,2023).Simultaneously,thelossoffirmnessisdrivenbythebreakdownofinsolubleprotopectinintosolublepectinbyenzymeslikepolygalacturonase(Tarawnehetal.,2025).Thesebiochemicalchangesnotonlydiminishthesensoryqualityoftheapplebutalsocreateanenvironmentconducivetomicrobialgrowth(Arnoldetal.,2023).3.EdibleCoatingMatrices:CompositionandStructuralPropertiesEdiblecoatingsareformulatedfromavarietyofbiopolymers,includingpolysaccharides,proteins,lipids,andcompositeblends(Dhumaletal.,2018).3.1Polysaccharide-BasedBiopolymersPolysaccharidesarethemostwidelyexploredmaterialsforapplepreservationduetotheirabundance,lowcost,andexcellentgasbarrierproperties(Pillaietal.,2024).•Chitosan:Acationicpolymerderivedfromthedeacetylationofchitin,chitosanisprizedforitsintrinsicantimicrobialandantifungalproperties(Alietal.,2025).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page6Itformsasemipermeablefilmthateffectivelyregulatesgasexchange(O2andCO2),therebyreducingtherespirationrate(Zhaoetal.,2021).•Starchderivatives:Sago,potato,andcornstarchesarefrequentlyutilized.Sagostarchexhibitssuperiorfilm-formingpropertiescomparedtolow-amylosestarches.Researchhasdemonstratedthatablendof5%sagostarchand0.5%soyoilcanmaintainthequalityoffresh-cutapplesfor12daysat4degreesC(Srivastavetal.,2025).Potatostarchhasbeenidentifiedasexceptionallyeffectiveforcolorretention,achievingasignificantlylowerbrowningindexcomparedtootherpolysaccharidebases(Shoukatetal.,2025).•AlginateandPectin:Thesehydrophilicpolymersareoftenusedforfresh-cutproduce.Sodiumalginaterequirescross-linkingwithdivalentcationslikecalcium(Ca2+)toformastable,water-insolublegel(Wangetal.,2025).Thiscross-linkingnotonlyimprovesthestructuralintegrityofthecoatingbutalsoprovidessupplementalcalciumtothefruittissue,whichreinforcesthecellwallandmaintainsfirmness(Sharmaetal.,2025).3.2Protein-BasedBiopolymersProteinsofferexcellentgasbarrierpropertiesunderlowrelativehumidityandpossesshighernutritionalvaluethanpolysaccharides(Wang&Rhim,2025).•WheyProtein:Abyproductofthedairyindustry,wheyproteinisolate(WPI)formstransparent,odorlesscoatingswithhighbarrierefficacy.ResearchonGoldenDeliciousapplesindicatesthatWPIcoatingscanreduceweightlossfrom6.8%to5.75%anddelaytheconversionofstarchtosugars(Tarawnehetal.,2025).•Zein:Thiscorn-derivedproteinisuniqueduetoitshydrophobicnature,makingitamoreeffectivemoisturebarrierthanmostotherproteins.CoatingscomprisingzeinandnisinhavesuccessfullyextendedtheshelflifeofGrannySmithapplesto21daysat15degreesC(Alietal.,2023).3.3Lipid-BasedBiopolymersLipids,includingbeeswax,carnaubawax,andshellac,areprimarilyusedtocombatmoistureloss.Whiletheyprovidesuperiormoistureretentionandadesirablesurfacegloss,theyareoftenlesseffectiveasgasbarriersandcanbebrittleifusedalone(Shellhammer&Krochta,2018).ModernapproachesinvolveemulsifyingtheselipidsGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page7intopolysaccharidematricestocreatecompositecoatingsthatleveragethestrengthsofbothmaterialtypes(Kumarietal.,2026).Table2:ComparisonofMajorBiopolymerCategoriesforAppleCoatingsBiopolymerCategoryRepresentativeMaterialsPrimaryAdvantageLimitationPolysaccharidesChitosan,Alginate,SagoStarchSuperiorgasbarrier(O2,CO2)HighwatervaporpermeabilityProteinsLipidsWheyProtein,Zein,SoyIsolateExcellentbarrier;nutritionalaromaFragile;sensitivehumidityBeeswax,Carnauba,ShellacSuperiorbarriermoistureBrittle;maycauseanaerobicstressCompositesStarch-Lipid,Protein-LipidBalancedgas/moisturebarrierComplexformulationprocess4.NaturalPreservativeTreatmentsandActiveIngredientsThefunctionalizationofediblecoatingsthroughtheincorporationofnaturalbioactivesubstancesrepresentsthevanguardofactivepackaging(TrajkovskaPetkoska,etal.,2021).Theincorporationofnaturalbioactivecompoundsconvertsediblecoatingsintoactivepackagingsystemswithantimicrobialproperties.Themajorantimicrobialmechanismsofthesenaturalpreservativesareillustratedinfigure2.4.1EssentialOils(EOs)andPlantExtractsEssentialoilsfromplantssuchasoreganoandcinnamonleafarerichinvolatilecompoundslikecarvacrolandcinnamaldehyde.Thesecompoundsexhibitpotentantimicrobialactivitybydisruptingthecytoplasmicmembranesofbacteriaandfungi(Alietal.,2025).ForBraeburnapples,achitosancoatinginfusedwith0.1%cinnamonleafEOwasfoundtobethemosteffectiveformulationformaintainingqualityandinhibitingmicrobialgrowth(Alietal.,2025).4.2BacteriocinsandBiopreservativeEnzymesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page8•Nisin:ApolycyclicantimicrobialpeptideproducedbyLactococcuslactis,nisinisanFDA-approvedbio-preservative(Cava-Rodaetal.,2021).ItfunctionsbyformingporesinthecellmembranesofGram-positivebacteria.InGrannySmithapples,zeincoatingsincorporatedwithnisinachievedsignificantreductionsinmicrobialcounts(Brandesetal.,2024).•LysozymeandLactoperoxidase:Theseenzymesareincreasinglyusedinactivecoatingsduetotheirstrongantimicrobialproperties.Theseenzymesaresafe,stable,andhighlycompatiblewithbiopolymermatriceslikealginateandwheyprotein(Yousefietal.,2022).4.3AntioxidantsandAnti-browningAgentsToaddressenzymaticbrowning,coatingsarefrequentlyenrichedwithorganicacidssuchasascorbicacidandcitricacid.ThesecompoundsactbyloweringthesurfacepHorbyreducingquinonesproducedbyPPObackintophenols(AL-abbasyetal.,2021).Researchhasshownthat1%ascorbicacid,synergizedwithpotatostarchandcalciumchloride,canmaintainthevisualappearanceandfirmnessofappleslicesfor15days(Moonetal.,2020).Figure2:AntimicrobialMechanismsofNaturalPreservativesGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page95.InnovativeApplicationTechnologiesTheefficiencyofanediblecoatingisdeterminedbyitscompositionandthemethodofapplication,whichinfluencesfilmthicknessanduniformity(Kociraetal.,2021).5.1TraditionalDippingandSprayingThedippingmethodinvolvesimmersingtheappleinthecoatingsolutionfor5to30seconds.Whilesimpleandeffectiveforirregularsurfaces,itoftenleadstoexcessivematerialconsumptionandcanresultinthickcoatingsthatmayinduceanaerobicrespiration(Singhetal.,2025).5.2ElectrostaticSprayCoating(ESC)andElectrosprayingESCisatechnologywherecoatingdropletsaregivenanelectricalcharge,causingthemtobeattractedtothegroundedfruitsurface.Thisresultsinahighlyuniformlayerwithminimalmaterialwaste.Electrospraying,arelatedtechnique,utilizesanelectricfieldtogenerateastable"cone-jet"geometry,allowingforprecisecontroloverfilmthicknessatthenano-scale(Cakmaketal.,2018).5.3Nano-emulsionsandNano-coatingsTheintegrationofnanotechnologyinvolvesdispersinghydrophobicactiveingredientsasdropletswithdiametersbetween10and100nm.Nano-emulsions,suchasthoseformulatedwithbeeswaxandimprovedtransparencycomparedtomacro-emulsions.Thesesystemshavedemonstratedimpressiveresultsinreducingphysiologicalweightlossandspoilageratesofapplesover15daysofstorage(Hassanetal.,2025).lecithin,offerenhancedstabilityandTable3:ComparisonofTraditionalvs.InnovativeApplicationTechniquesApplicationTechniqueUniformityMaterialWasteEquipmentComplexityTargetApplicationDippingModerateHighLowConventionalSprayLowModerateModerateFresh-cutslices;labuseLarge-scalewholefruitElectrostaticSprayVeryHighVeryLowHighHigh-valueGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053ElectrosprayingExcellentVeryLowVeryHighPage10cultivars;industrialNano-activecoatings;research6.ImpactonCriticalQualityAttributesTheultimatesuccessofediblecoatingsismeasuredbytheirabilitytomaintainthephysicochemicalandsensoryintegrityoftheapple(Anwaretal.,2018).6.1PreservationofFirmnessandTextureThelossoffirmnessisaprimarycauseofconsumerrejection.Inzein-coatedGrannySmithapples,theapplicationofthecoatingsignificantlydelayedweightlossandmaintainedtexturefor21days..Infresh-cutslices,alginate-basedcoatingscontainingdietaryfibersfromapplepomacehavebeenshowntodoubleoreventriplefirmnesscomparedtocontrols(Boeckxetal.,2019).6.2MaintenanceofTitratableAcidityandTotalSolubleSolidsAsapplesripen,titratableacidity(TA)generallydeclineswhiletotalsolublesolids(TSS)increaseduetostarchhydrolysis(Umeohiaetal.,2024).Ediblecoatingseffectivelyslowdownthesemetabolictransitions.Forexample,wheyproteincoatingsappliedtoGoldenDeliciousapplesmaintainedsignificantlyhigherTAandlowerTSSlevelsoverstoragecomparedtouncoatedsamples(Tarawnehetal.,2025).6.3ColorStabilityandAestheticAppealEdiblecoatingspreventbrowningincutapplesbylimitingO2accesstoPPO(Boeckxetal.,2019).ColorimetricanalysisusingtheCIELABspace(L*,a*,b*)isthestandardforquantifyingthesechanges.Researchonstarch-basedcoatingsdemonstratedthatpotatostarchwasthemosteffectiveingredientformaintainingtheL*value(lightness)andpreventingtheshifttowardpositivea*values(redness/browning)(Dhumaletal.,2018).7.ConsumerAcceptanceandMarketIntegrationRetailtrendsandconsumerpsychologyheavilyinfluencetheadoptionofediblecoatingsinthecommercialsector(Lufuetal.,2024).7.1FoodTechnologyNeophobia(FTN)andEducationalInterventionsGRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Recenttrendshaveseenmajorretailersremoveediblefoodcoatingsfromapplesinresponsetoconsumerdemandsfor"natural"products.ThishighlightsachallengeknownasFoodTechnologyNeophobia(FTN),whereconsumersrejectnovelfoodtechnologiesduetoalackofunderstanding(Bucheretal.,2023).However,researchhasshownthatprovidinginformationregardingthecoatingspurposespecificallyitsroleinreducingfoodwastesignificantlyincreasesacceptancerates(Spadonietal.,2021).Page118.ConclusionEdiblecoatingsandintegratednaturalpreservativetreatmentsrepresentahighlyeffective,biodegradable,andconsumer-preferredstrategytocombatthesubstantialpostharvestlossesthatcontinuetounderminetheeconomicandnutritionalvalueofapplesworldwide.Byestablishingatailoredsemi-permeablebarrieranddeliveringbioactivecompoundsdirectlyatthefruitsurface,thesetechnologiessuccessfullyslowclimactericrespirationandethyleneproduction,reducetranspirationandweightloss,inhibitenzymaticbrowning,delaycell-wallsoftening,andsuppressmicrobialdecaywithoutrelianceonsyntheticchemicals.Extensiveevidencedemonstratesconsistentimprovementsinkeyqualityparametersfirmness,titratableacidity,ascorbicacidcontent,colorstability,andsensoryappealwhileextendingmarketableshelflifeunderbothambientandrefrigeratedconditions.Asglobalpressuremountstoreducefoodwaste,plasticpackaging,andchemicalresidues,ediblecoatingsofferascalable,sustainablesolutionalignedwithcircular-economyprinciplesandevolvingconsumerdemandforclean-labelproducts.Continuedresearchfocusingonmulti-functionalsmartregulatoryharmonizationofcoatings,nanomaterials,andconsumereducationwillacceleratecommercialadoption.Ultimately,widespreadimplementationoftheseinnovativepostharvesttechnologieswillenhancesupply-chainefficiency,increasefarmerprofitability,improveglobalfoodsecurity,andcontributemeaningfullytothereductionofagriculturalwasteintheappleindustry.industrial-scaleapplicationtechnologies,ReferencesAL-abbasy,O.Y.,Ali,W.I.,&Al-lehebe,N.I.(2021).Inhibitionofenzymaticbrowninginfruitandvegetable,review.SamarraJournalofPureandAppliedScience,3(1),56-73.Alam,A.M.M.N.,Mia,N.,Monti,J.A.,Hashem,M.A.,&Ali,M.S.(2024).Enhancingthequalitativeattributesofmeatthroughprocessingandpreservationtechniques-Areview.MeatResearch,4(3).GRJNST,Volume:04-Issue2(2026)/ISSNP:2790-7643ArticleID:2053https://doi.org/10.53762/grjnst.04.02.05G.2053Page12Ali,N.,Dina,E.,&Tas,A.A.(2025).Bioactiveediblecoatingsforfresh-cutapples:Astudyonchitosan-basedcoatingsinfusedwithessentialoils.Foods,14(13),Article2362.https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132362Ali,S.F.A.,Masroor,S.,Shaikh,M.K.,Jabeen,G.,Naz,S.A.,Aqeel,A.,&Anjum,K.(2026).BiogenesisofCandidaglabrata-MediatedSilverNanoparticles:CharacterizationandAntibacterialEffectivenessAgainstHumanPathogenicBacteria.InternationalJournalofMolecularSciences,27(3),1263.Anwar,R.,Mattoo,A.K.,&Handa,A.K.(2018).Ripeningandsenescenceoffleshyfruits.Postharvestbiologyandnanotechnology,15-51.Aqeel,A.,Amin,A.,Sultan,Q.A.,Yousaf,I.,&Fatima,K.MI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